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Ecology Exam 1 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a listing of all species that exist within a community?

A

Species Composition

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1
Q

What are the six traits of a community?

A
  • Species Composition
  • Dominance
  • Life Form profile
  • Vertical Structure
  • Horizontal Structure
  • Diversity
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2
Q

Define Dominance

A

Species with the greatest mass and use the most resources, therefore making it dominant in the community

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3
Q

What is a list of the types of species and shows the percentage of each?

A

Life Form Profile

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4
Q

What is Vertical Structure? Give example

A

The pattern of distribution from the top view down, when your stand on the forest floor and you look up what layers of species is observed?

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5
Q

What is horizontal structure?

A

This shows a range of species spread out in an area of land.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Diversity?

A

An important measure at the community level

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7
Q

What is the origing strategy?

A

Any evolved hunting strategy for the predator, this is an equation that maximizes the possible energy gain.

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8
Q

What are the factors that contribute to Biodiversity?

A
  • Species
  • Habitat
  • Genetic
  • Ecosystem
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9
Q

What is the definition of Biodiversity?

A

A measure of complexity in a community

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10
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

Indication that a community has a wide variety of species, most commonly used.

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11
Q

What is the definition of genetic and its role in biodiversity?

A

Loss of genotype can cause the wipeout of an entire species. This has recently caused a lot of concern.

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12
Q

What is the role of an Ecosystem in biodiversity?

A

Larger scale than but similar too habitat biodiversity

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13
Q

What is the equation for Species Diversity?

A

Species Richness = Number of species

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14
Q

What is the Shannon Index of Diversity?

A

H = -E(sum) Pi (Log e) Pi , where Pi = ni/N

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15
Q

What equation will be used most for Shannon Index?

A

Pi = ni/N

Ex: Pi = #Species/Total # so (4/8)=50%
When adding communities: (5/8)(log)(5/8) = answer + (1/4)(log)(1/4) = answer +….

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16
Q

When using the Shannon index you must use…

A

Log Base e

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17
Q

Shannon Index is based on ____?

A
  • Uncertainty

- Predictions

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18
Q

What are the patterns of diversity?

A
  • Habitat Heterogeneity
  • Disturbance
  • Island size and location
  • Latitude
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19
Q

Define Habitat Heterogeneity

A

Higher space in a habitat promotes higher diversity, there are more spots for more species to occur.

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20
Q

What is the role of disturbance in the diversity patterns?

A

This can weigh a lot and cause “spikes” in diversity. Can be caused by a coarse-grained environment, which can cause loss of species type in a habitat.

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21
Q

What is the role of Island size and location in diversity patterns?

A

This is looked at from the oceanic island view but mountain tops can be included too. Affective factors can include size (larger=more diverse, Distance from mainland (Closer=more diverse), elevation, and strength and direction of currents (water and wind).

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22
Q

How can latitude play a role in diversity patterns?

A

The farther the location is from the equation the more of a decline in species types and diversity occurs.

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23
Q

What is the definition of Succession?

A

A relatively predictable sequence of populations replacing each other in a community. Species coming and going.

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24
Q

What is Natural Succession?

A

Existing land is cleared away and new ones are grown, native plants will leave and new ones will come up.

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25
Q

What are the three types of succession?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Xerarch
  • Hydrarch
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26
Q

What is the role of Primary Succession?

A

Nothing was grown there before, (Unmodified substrate rock or sand)

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27
Q

What is the role of secondary succession?

A

Something was growing there before but a new species has come in and invaded. (Modified substrate, soil)

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28
Q

What is the role of an Xerarch in succession?

A

On land, Terrestrial (desert, rainforest)

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29
Q

What is the role of Hydrarch in succession?

A

Aquatic, in water (Ponds, lakes, ocean)

30
Q

What are the six organisms of growth in southeastern old field succession?

A
  • Agricultural Crop
  • Annuals
  • Perennial Forbs
  • Perennial Grasses
  • Pines
  • Hardwoods
31
Q

What marker in old field succession indicates that we have an abandoned field?

A

An Agricultural crop

32
Q

What are plants that go through their whole lives in a single growing season?

A

Annuals

33
Q

What environment are Annuals best for?

A
  • Coarse-grained environment

- Annuals have very little competition

34
Q

What plant develops and has a life span in 5 to 8 years, is a herbaceous plant not grass, and creates competition and knocks down native species?

A

Perennial Forbs

35
Q

Which species has a 10 to 20 year life span, grass like plant, and becomes dominant?

A

Perennial Grasses

36
Q

What stage can old field succession remain at because of mowing or livestock?

A

Perennial Grasses

37
Q

What is the role of Pines in old field succession?

A

Seeds can spread back in the annual phase but its slow growth makes this a less dominant species. Most in the southeast are a short lived species. Are harvested by humans.

38
Q

What is the role of Hardwoods in old field succession?

A

Tall and becomes dominate and overtakes pines(conifers/Cedar). Final stage

39
Q

What is name for the final stage of old field succession?

A

The climax or mature stage

40
Q

What is another word for the whole process of old field succession and what is its definition?

A

-Facilitation, because these plants are changing the environment

41
Q

What is the process of Granite Outcrop Succession?

A
  • Bare rock
  • Crustose lichens
  • Foliose lichens
  • Annuals
  • Perennial Forbes
  • Perennial grasses
  • Cedars and Pines
  • Hardwoods
42
Q

What must occur in the beginning of granite outcrop succession?

A

Some kind of substrate for soil must occur in order for plants to grow.

43
Q

In Granite Outcrop what is first seen, a type of fungi that grows on rock surface?

A

Crustose lichens

44
Q

In granite outcrop what are Foliose lichens?

A

The freezing the thawing that can crack the rocks and create dark places for growing. The breakdown of these rocks can make sand and other organic materials.

45
Q

What is Successional Trajectory?

A

Showing the change in species that are in an ecosystem

46
Q

What is it when two or more outcomes in the timeline of succession are possible?

A

Divergent Trajectory

47
Q

What is Convergent Transjectory?

A

When 2 ecosystems start our with different possibilities of species types then converge together.

48
Q

Who is an example of monoclimax?

A

Fredrick Clements

49
Q

What ecologist is polyclimax?

A

Henry Gleason

50
Q

What are the two causes of succession?

A
  • Allogenic

- Autogenic

51
Q

What the definition of Allogenic?

A

Exterior to community, the surrounding physical environment.

52
Q

What is the definition of Autogenic?

A

Facilitation, organisms “paving the way”.

53
Q

What is the word for an old growth forest, a steady state with the total mass oscillating?

A

-Shifting mosaic steady state

54
Q

Define an ecosystem

A

A community and its environment treated together as a functional unit of complementary relationships, including the transfer and circulation os energy and matter.

55
Q

At what level of the ecological hierarchy where we are adding in the physical environment into our system of study?

A

An Ecosystem

56
Q

Pathways that do not require influences from the sun have __?__

A

Chemoautotroths

57
Q

What are the simplest ecosystems in the world? About how many different species do these communities have?

A
  • Hot thermal springs (Yellow stone)

- About 4 species

58
Q

What are the three types of modeling?

A
  • Conceptual Models
  • Mathematical Models
  • Model analysis and Prediction
59
Q

What is a measuring of energy flow to begin modeling?

A

the Conceptual model

60
Q

What model can range from very simple to very complex?

A

Mathematical Models

61
Q

What is the Analysis model?

A

This is where models can be greatly tested

62
Q

What is the silver springs model of energy flow?

A

Change in compartment size = Inputs - Outputs

63
Q

What is keystone species?

A

A smaller species type that doesn’t necessarily get your attention when you look at a model, then when you look at the energy level and role in the ecosystem and their importance.

64
Q

What is an Autotroph-Based Ecosystem?

A

Most energy input is via capture of solar radiation by green plants.

65
Q

What is the definition of Detritus-Based Ecosystem?

A

Most energy input is via influx of dead organic matter.

66
Q

What is the Gross Primary Production (GPP)?

A

The total energy captured by the plant

67
Q

What is the Net Primary Production (NPP)?

A
  • The rate of which energy is converted into plant biomass (High environmental factors mean a lower NPP)
  • Measured by change in biomass + tissue losses
68
Q

What is the equation for Gross and Net Primary Production?

A

NPP = GPP-R

69
Q

What are the limits to photosynthesis?

A
  • Leaf Area
  • Amount of chlorophyll
  • Useable wavelengths (430 and 670)
  • Chemical efficiency
  • Environmental factors
70
Q

Define food chain

A
  • A hierarchy based on power of importance.

- An Arrangement of organisms in an ecological community based on the order of predation

71
Q

Define a food web

A

The totality of interacting food chains in an ecological community.

72
Q

What is the trophic level?

A

Hierarchy strata of a food web characterized by organisms which are the same number of steps removed from the primary producers.

73
Q

what is the definition of the greenhouse effect?

A

Energy that is being retained and reflected back down from the CO2 in the atmosphere

Ecology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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