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Ecology Exam 1 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Define Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species in a given area with no barriers to interbreeding

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1
Q

What is the Lotka-Volterra competition model

A

study Origional in notes,

dN/df = rN(1-N/k)
dN/dt = rN(k-N/k)
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2
Q

What are the 4 traits that affect sampling methods

A
  • Organisms size
  • Habitat Type
  • Population size and distribution
  • Organisms mobility
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3
Q

What is the equation for the Lincoln-Peterson Index?

A

N = nM/x

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4
Q

Label the Lincoln-Peterson index equation

A 
N = nM/x
N= # in population
n= # caught in census 
M= # caught in pre-census
x= Marked animals caught in census
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5
Q

What is the out come or predictions of the Lincoln-Peterson index?

A
  • Equal chance of catching marked and unmarked animals
  • Mortality and natality=0
  • Adequate time for marked animals to mix back into the populations
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6
Q

Define Dominance

A
  • Importance value= Relative density + Cover + Relative frequency
  • Biomass
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7
Q

What are the Dispersion Patterns?

A

s2/x=1 or s2=x …..then random
s2/x is greater than 1 or s2 is greater than x …..then clumped
s2/x is less than 1 or s2 is less than x …..then uniform

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8
Q

What are the changes in gene frequencies in populations?

A
  • Mutation pressure
  • Migration pressure (gene flow)
  • Genetic drift
  • Natural Selection
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9
Q

What is Genetic Drift?

A

Chance fluctuations in allele frequencies in a directional sense caused by random sampling error.

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10
Q

Define Natural Selection

A
  • Non-random process operating on Gene frequencies that eliminates certain genotypes.
  • Under selective pressures, the most fit genotypes will survive, others will not
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11
Q

List the patterns of selection

A
  • Optimizing or stabilizing selection
  • Directional or Dynamic selection
  • Disruptive or Diversifying selection
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12
Q

Define Optimizing, Directional, and Disruptive

A
  • Optimizing = Occurs to some degree in all population
  • Directional = Examples are Rabbits and Myxoma Virus
  • Disruptive = Example is Acmaea digitalis
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13
Q

Rate of growth is the change in N/ the change in t, what are the equations given?

A 
dN/dt = B-D
"     " = bN-dN
"     " = (b-d)N
"     " = rN
Equation dN/dt = rN
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14
Q

Define the terms used in the Models Simple to complex

A

Exponential = r is constant
Logistic = r is f(N/k)
More Complex = r is f(food, disease, predation) + f(temp, water, light)

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15
Q

What are the Life Table symbols

A 
x= Age interval 
lx= # alive at beginning of interval 
dx= # dying in interval
qx= mortality rate dx/lx
Lx= Mean # individuals in interval lx+lx+1/2
ex= life expectancy is Lx+Lx+1+....+Lx+n/lx
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16
Q

Define Symbiosis

A
  • Living together

- 2 or more populations living together

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17
Q

give the 8 population interactions between species 1 and 2

A
  • Neutralism o o (no benefit)
  • Ammensalism - o
  • Commensalism + o
  • Competition - - (Only negative)
  • Parasitism + -
  • Predation + -
  • Protocooperation + + (only positive)
  • Mutualism + +
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18
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Exploitive and Direct or Interference

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19
Q

What is 2 or more species utilizing the same limited resources?

A

Exploitive Competition

20
Q

Define Direct or Interference competition

A

When 2 or more species “fight” for the same limited resources

21
Q

What are the 2 parts to Gause’s Principle of competitive Exclusion?

A
  • When 2 closely related species compete for the same limited resource, one will always out-compete the others.
  • “Two species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place”
22
Q

What are the r selected species?

A
  • Coarse-grained
  • Environment
  • High Reproductive
  • effort
  • colonizers
  • small
  • many offspring
23
Q

What is the list of K selected Species

A
  • Fine-grained
  • environment
  • Competitive
  • superiority
  • slow development
  • large
  • parental care
24
Q

List the influences on predation rate

A
  • Predator rate
  • prey density
  • alternate prey density
  • presence of refuges
  • efficient foraging traits of predator
  • effective escape abilities of prey
25
Q

What are the components of predator response for increased prey density?

A
  • Numerical = Increased number of predators

- Functional = Increased number of prey consumed by each individual predator

26
Q

What is the equation for Egain?

A

Egain = Eprey - Esearch - Epursuit - Ecapture - Eprocessing

“The prudent predator concept”

27
Q

What are the traits of the “Better predators concept”?

A
  • Hibernation
  • Search image
  • Other search cues (sound, smell, chemical)
  • Team Effort (signals, pack hunting)
  • Aggressive mimicry
  • Traps
  • Camouflage
28
Q

What are the traits of the “Better escape artists” concept of animals?

A
  • Warning (sentinels, good sight, alarm calls)
  • Structural defenses (thorns, shells)
  • Chemical defenses
  • Coloration (matching, disruptive, flash, warning)
29
Q

What are the two types of Mimicry?

A
  • Batesian Mimicry

- Mullerian mimicry

30
Q

What is a non-toxic or harmless species copying a toxic or harmful species?

A

Batesian Mimicry

31
Q

What is several toxic or harmful species with similar bright coloration?

A

Mullerian Mimicry

32
Q

give four examples of mutualism

A
  • Cleaner fish — shark
  • Termites — Flagellates
  • Ants — Cecropia and Acacia
  • Mycorrhizae — Vascular plants
33
Q

Define a community

A

An assemblage of populations in a prescribed area

34
Q

What are the community traits?

A
  • Species composition
  • Dominance
  • Life form profile
  • Vertical structure
  • horizontal structure
  • Diversity
35
Q

Who is Fredrick Clements?

A
  • Communities as supra-organisms

- Discontinuous community structure

36
Q

Who is Henry Gleason?

A
  • Individualistic concept

- Continuous community structure

37
Q

What are the 4 sections of Biodiversity?

A
  • Species
  • Habitat
  • Genetic
  • Ecosystem
38
Q

What is species diversity

A

Species richness = number of species

H = -(box) pi logepi, where pi = ni/N

39
Q

what are the 4 diversity patterns?

A
  • Habitat heterogeneity
  • Disturbance
  • Island size and location
  • Latitude
40
Q

What is a relatively predictable sequence of populations replacing each other in a community?

A

Succession

41
Q

Name the types of succession

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Xerarch
  • Hydrarch
42
Q

Define the types of succession

A
  • Primary – Begins on biologically unmodified substrate (rock, sand)
  • Secondary – Begins on biologically modified substrate (soil)
  • Xerarch – Begins on land (terrestrial)
  • Hydrarchh – Begins on the water (aquatic)
43
Q

List the southeastern old field succession

A
  • Agricultural crop
  • Annuals
  • Perennial forbs
  • Perennial grasses
  • Pines
  • Harnwoods
44
Q

List the Granite outcrop succession

A
  • Bare rock
  • Crustoe lichens
  • Foliose lichens
  • Annuals
  • Perennial forbs
  • Perennial grasses
  • Cedars and pines
  • Hardwoods
45
Q

What is another word for Clements study of communities

A

Monoclimax

46
Q

What is a word that describes Gleason’s study

A

Polyclimax

47
Q

What are causes of succession?

A
  • Allogenic

- Autogenic

48
Q

define the causes of succession

A
  • Allogenic – Exterior to community; Physical environment

- Autogenic – Organisms “Paving the way” (Facilitation)

Ecology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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