exam 2 Flashcards
Define Population
A group of organisms of the same species in a given area with no barriers to interbreeding
What is the Lotka-Volterra competition model
study Origional in notes,
dN/df = rN(1-N/k) dN/dt = rN(k-N/k)
What are the 4 traits that affect sampling methods
- Organisms size
- Habitat Type
- Population size and distribution
- Organisms mobility
What is the equation for the Lincoln-Peterson Index?
N = nM/x
Label the Lincoln-Peterson index equation
N = nM/x N= # in population n= # caught in census M= # caught in pre-census x= Marked animals caught in census
What is the out come or predictions of the Lincoln-Peterson index?
- Equal chance of catching marked and unmarked animals
- Mortality and natality=0
- Adequate time for marked animals to mix back into the populations
Define Dominance
- Importance value= Relative density + Cover + Relative frequency
- Biomass
What are the Dispersion Patterns?
s2/x=1 or s2=x …..then random
s2/x is greater than 1 or s2 is greater than x …..then clumped
s2/x is less than 1 or s2 is less than x …..then uniform
What are the changes in gene frequencies in populations?
- Mutation pressure
- Migration pressure (gene flow)
- Genetic drift
- Natural Selection
What is Genetic Drift?
Chance fluctuations in allele frequencies in a directional sense caused by random sampling error.
Define Natural Selection
- Non-random process operating on Gene frequencies that eliminates certain genotypes.
- Under selective pressures, the most fit genotypes will survive, others will not
List the patterns of selection
- Optimizing or stabilizing selection
- Directional or Dynamic selection
- Disruptive or Diversifying selection
Define Optimizing, Directional, and Disruptive
- Optimizing = Occurs to some degree in all population
- Directional = Examples are Rabbits and Myxoma Virus
- Disruptive = Example is Acmaea digitalis
Rate of growth is the change in N/ the change in t, what are the equations given?
dN/dt = B-D " " = bN-dN " " = (b-d)N " " = rN Equation dN/dt = rN
Define the terms used in the Models Simple to complex
Exponential = r is constant
Logistic = r is f(N/k)
More Complex = r is f(food, disease, predation) + f(temp, water, light)
What are the Life Table symbols
x= Age interval lx= # alive at beginning of interval dx= # dying in interval qx= mortality rate dx/lx Lx= Mean # individuals in interval lx+lx+1/2 ex= life expectancy is Lx+Lx+1+....+Lx+n/lx
Define Symbiosis
- Living together
- 2 or more populations living together
give the 8 population interactions between species 1 and 2
- Neutralism o o (no benefit)
- Ammensalism - o
- Commensalism + o
- Competition - - (Only negative)
- Parasitism + -
- Predation + -
- Protocooperation + + (only positive)
- Mutualism + +
What are the two types of competition?
Exploitive and Direct or Interference
What is 2 or more species utilizing the same limited resources?
Exploitive Competition
Define Direct or Interference competition
When 2 or more species “fight” for the same limited resources
What are the 2 parts to Gause’s Principle of competitive Exclusion?
- When 2 closely related species compete for the same limited resource, one will always out-compete the others.
- “Two species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place”
What are the r selected species?
- Coarse-grained
- Environment
- High Reproductive
- effort
- colonizers
- small
- many offspring
What is the list of K selected Species
- Fine-grained
- environment
- Competitive
- superiority
- slow development
- large
- parental care
List the influences on predation rate
- Predator rate
- prey density
- alternate prey density
- presence of refuges
- efficient foraging traits of predator
- effective escape abilities of prey
What are the components of predator response for increased prey density?
- Numerical = Increased number of predators
- Functional = Increased number of prey consumed by each individual predator
What is the equation for Egain?
Egain = Eprey - Esearch - Epursuit - Ecapture - Eprocessing
“The prudent predator concept”
What are the traits of the “Better predators concept”?
- Hibernation
- Search image
- Other search cues (sound, smell, chemical)
- Team Effort (signals, pack hunting)
- Aggressive mimicry
- Traps
- Camouflage
What are the traits of the “Better escape artists” concept of animals?
- Warning (sentinels, good sight, alarm calls)
- Structural defenses (thorns, shells)
- Chemical defenses
- Coloration (matching, disruptive, flash, warning)
What are the two types of Mimicry?
- Batesian Mimicry
- Mullerian mimicry
What is a non-toxic or harmless species copying a toxic or harmful species?
Batesian Mimicry
What is several toxic or harmful species with similar bright coloration?
Mullerian Mimicry
give four examples of mutualism
- Cleaner fish — shark
- Termites — Flagellates
- Ants — Cecropia and Acacia
- Mycorrhizae — Vascular plants
Define a community
An assemblage of populations in a prescribed area
What are the community traits?
- Species composition
- Dominance
- Life form profile
- Vertical structure
- horizontal structure
- Diversity
Who is Fredrick Clements?
- Communities as supra-organisms
- Discontinuous community structure
Who is Henry Gleason?
- Individualistic concept
- Continuous community structure
What are the 4 sections of Biodiversity?
- Species
- Habitat
- Genetic
- Ecosystem
What is species diversity
Species richness = number of species
H = -(box) pi logepi, where pi = ni/N
what are the 4 diversity patterns?
- Habitat heterogeneity
- Disturbance
- Island size and location
- Latitude
What is a relatively predictable sequence of populations replacing each other in a community?
Succession
Name the types of succession
- Primary
- Secondary
- Xerarch
- Hydrarch
Define the types of succession
- Primary – Begins on biologically unmodified substrate (rock, sand)
- Secondary – Begins on biologically modified substrate (soil)
- Xerarch – Begins on land (terrestrial)
- Hydrarchh – Begins on the water (aquatic)
List the southeastern old field succession
- Agricultural crop
- Annuals
- Perennial forbs
- Perennial grasses
- Pines
- Harnwoods
List the Granite outcrop succession
- Bare rock
- Crustoe lichens
- Foliose lichens
- Annuals
- Perennial forbs
- Perennial grasses
- Cedars and pines
- Hardwoods
What is another word for Clements study of communities
Monoclimax
What is a word that describes Gleason’s study
Polyclimax
What are causes of succession?
- Allogenic
- Autogenic
define the causes of succession
- Allogenic – Exterior to community; Physical environment
- Autogenic – Organisms “Paving the way” (Facilitation)
