Exam 1

Question 0

What is Oikos

Answer 0

It is Greek for, House or place to live.

Question 1

who is Ernst Haeckel?

Answer 1

He is a German Physician, naturalist, philosopher, artist who named Ecology. (1866)

Question 2

What word is Ecology derived from?

Answer 2

The Greek word, Oikos

Question 3

What is Ecology?

Answer 3

Ecology is the study of interrelationships among living organisms and their environments. It also determines the best policies to manage environmental support systems (watershed and wetlands)

Question 4

What does Ecology employ?

Answer 4

The scientific method

Question 5

What are the 4 subdivisions of Ecology?

Answer 5

• Organism Type
• Habitat Type
• Process
• Level of organization

Question 6

Describe the organism type:

Answer 6

• Plant (tree, shrub, grass)
• Animal (mammal, reptiles, fish)
• Microbes (bacteria and fungi)

Question 7

Describe what make up the Habitat type

Answer 7

• Terrestrial (forest, grassland, desert)
• Freshwater (streams, ponds, lake)
• Marine (near shore, open ocean)
• Wetlands are an example of both Terrestrial and Freshwater*

Question 8

Describe the process of Ecology

Answer 8

• structural
• physiological
• dynamic
• evolutionary

Question 9

What are the organization levels for Ecological hierarchy? In increasing order

Answer 9

Organism -> Populations -> Communities -> Ecosystems -> Landscape -> Biosphere

Question 10

Define autecology

Answer 10

Studying of parts that make up the whole

Question 11

What is the study of the whole in order to understand the parts?

Answer 11

Synecology

Question 12

Describe the one factor approach

Answer 12

Done in a controlled environment, only one thing (like temperature) is changed to be tested

Question 13

What do we expect to see when using the single factor approach?

Answer 13

A tolerance curve

Question 14

Environmental factors are largely ________ on eachother

Answer 14

Dependent

Question 15

What are the 6 abiotic factors in ecology

Answer 15

• light (intensity, quality, duration)
• temperature (of air, soil, water)
• moisture (precipitation, humidity)
• currents (wind, water)
• edaphic (soil) nutrients, ph, texture
• catastrophic (fire, hurricane, volcano)

Question 16

What is another word for soil

Answer 16

Edaphic

Question 17

What is a highly integrated whole; tweak one thing and it alters the whole system?

Answer 17

A holoceonotic environmental complex

Question 18

Define synergistic

Answer 18

The total effect is more than the sum of individual effects

Question 19

Single factor ecology is….

Answer 19

Simple, unrealistic

Question 20

Multiple factor ecology is….

Answer 20

Complex, realistic

• factor interaction
• compensating factors

Question 21

What is a habitat

Answer 21

An organisms “Adress”

Question 22

What is a niche

Answer 22

An organisms “profession”

Question 23

Describe the ecological equivalents

Answer 23

Different species filling a similar niche in different locations

Question 24

What is a group of organisms of the same species in a given area with no barriers to inbreeding?

Answer 24

A population

Question 25

Populations change a gene so they ___?

Answer 25

Adapt

Question 26

Individuals move locations so they ___?

Answer 26

Acclimate

Question 27

What are 4 traits that affect sampling methods?

Answer 27

- organism size - habitat type - population size and distribution - organism mobility

Question 28

What are the 4 factors used for plotting in plant sampling?

Answer 28

- size - shape - number - distribution

Question 29

What is stratified random sampling?

Answer 29

Randomly locating plots within clumped spaces

Question 30

What is the most appropriate distribution used?

Answer 30

Always random

Question 31

What is density

Answer 31

Density = number / unit area

Question 32

What is biomass

Answer 32

dry mass / unit area

Question 33

What is a measure of space occupied or influenced by population

Answer 33

Cover

Question 34

What is proportion of sample units in which species is found

Answer 34

Frequency

Question 35

Describe the temporal patterns in populations

Answer 35

``` •Discrete behavior •Continuous behavior: –circadian (diurnal) cycles –seasonal cycles –secular cycles ```

Question 36

What are two sources of genetic variability

Answer 36

* Mutation | * Recombination

Question 37

What are 4 causes of change in gene frequencies in populations

Answer 37

* Mutation pressure * Migration pressure (gene flow) * Genetic drift * Natural selection

Question 38

What is chance fluctuations in allele frequencies in a directional sense caused by random sampling error

Answer 38

Genetic drift

Question 39

What is natural selection

Answer 39

The non-random process operating on gene frequencies that eliminates certain genotypes. Under selective pressures, the most fit genotypes will survive, others will not.

Question 40

What are the Different Patterns of Selection

Answer 40

``` •Optimizing or stabilizing selection –occurs to some degree in all populations •Directional or dynamic selection –example, rabbits and Myxoma virus •Disruptive or diversifying selection –example, Acmaea digitalis (a mollusk) ```