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Ecology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is Oikos

A

It is Greek for, House or place to live.

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1
Q

who is Ernst Haeckel?

A

He is a German Physician, naturalist, philosopher, artist who named Ecology. (1866)

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2
Q

What word is Ecology derived from?

A

The Greek word, Oikos

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3
Q

What is Ecology?

A

Ecology is the study of interrelationships among living organisms and their environments. It also determines the best policies to manage environmental support systems (watershed and wetlands)

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4
Q

What does Ecology employ?

A

The scientific method

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5
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of Ecology?

A
  • Organism Type
  • Habitat Type
  • Process
  • Level of organization
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6
Q

Describe the organism type:

A
  • Plant (tree, shrub, grass)
  • Animal (mammal, reptiles, fish)
  • Microbes (bacteria and fungi)
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7
Q

Describe what make up the Habitat type

A
  • Terrestrial (forest, grassland, desert)
  • Freshwater (streams, ponds, lake)
  • Marine (near shore, open ocean)
  • Wetlands are an example of both Terrestrial and Freshwater*
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8
Q

Describe the process of Ecology

A
  • structural
  • physiological
  • dynamic
  • evolutionary
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9
Q

What are the organization levels for Ecological hierarchy? In increasing order

A

Organism -> Populations -> Communities -> Ecosystems -> Landscape -> Biosphere

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10
Q

Define autecology

A

Studying of parts that make up the whole

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11
Q

What is the study of the whole in order to understand the parts?

A

Synecology

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12
Q

Describe the one factor approach

A

Done in a controlled environment, only one thing (like temperature) is changed to be tested

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13
Q

What do we expect to see when using the single factor approach?

A

A tolerance curve

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14
Q

Environmental factors are largely ________ on eachother

A

Dependent

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15
Q

What are the 6 abiotic factors in ecology

A
  • light (intensity, quality, duration)
  • temperature (of air, soil, water)
  • moisture (precipitation, humidity)
  • currents (wind, water)
  • edaphic (soil) nutrients, ph, texture
  • catastrophic (fire, hurricane, volcano)
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16
Q

What is another word for soil

A

Edaphic

17
Q

What is a highly integrated whole; tweak one thing and it alters the whole system?

A

A holoceonotic environmental complex

18
Q

Define synergistic

A

The total effect is more than the sum of individual effects

19
Q

Single factor ecology is….

A

Simple, unrealistic

20
Q

Multiple factor ecology is….

A

Complex, realistic

  • factor interaction
  • compensating factors
21
Q

What is a habitat

A

An organisms “Adress”

22
Q

What is a niche

A

An organisms “profession”

23
Q

Describe the ecological equivalents

A

Different species filling a similar niche in different locations

24
Q

What is a group of organisms of the same species in a given area with no barriers to inbreeding?

A

A population

25
Q

Populations change a gene so they ___?

A

Adapt

26
Q

Individuals move locations so they ___?

A

Acclimate

27
Q

What are 4 traits that affect sampling methods?

A
  • organism size
  • habitat type
  • population size and distribution
  • organism mobility
28
Q

What are the 4 factors used for plotting in plant sampling?

A
  • size
  • shape
  • number
  • distribution
29
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Randomly locating plots within clumped spaces

30
Q

What is the most appropriate distribution used?

A

Always random

31
Q

What is density

A

Density = number / unit area

32
Q

What is biomass

A

dry mass / unit area

33
Q

What is a measure of space occupied or influenced by population

A

Cover

34
Q

What is proportion of sample units in which species is found

A

Frequency

35
Q

Describe the temporal patterns in populations

A 
•Discrete behavior
•Continuous behavior:
–circadian (diurnal) cycles
–seasonal cycles
–secular cycles
36
Q

What are two sources of genetic variability

A
  • Mutation

* Recombination

37
Q

What are 4 causes of change in gene frequencies in populations

A
  • Mutation pressure
  • Migration pressure (gene flow)
  • Genetic drift
  • Natural selection
38
Q

What is chance fluctuations in allele frequencies in a directional sense caused by random sampling error

A

Genetic drift

39
Q

What is natural selection

A

The non-random process operating on gene frequencies that eliminates certain genotypes. Under selective pressures, the most fit genotypes will survive, others will not.

40
Q

What are the Different Patterns of Selection

A 
•Optimizing or stabilizing selection
–occurs to some degree in all populations
•Directional or dynamic selection
–example, rabbits and Myxoma virus
•Disruptive or diversifying selection
–example, Acmaea digitalis (a mollusk)

Ecology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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