Exam 3.2 Flashcards
What is a psychoactive substance?
Substances that affect mental functioning in the central nervous system (CNS)
- Alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, amphetamines,
cannabis, etc.
What is substance abuse?
Excessive use of substances that result in potentially dangerous behavior, as well as continued use despite persisting social, psychological, occupational, or health problems
What is substance dependence?
Distinct physiological need for consuming increasing amounts of substance(s) to achieve desired effects
- Individuals show tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
What is Heavy Episodic Drinking?
The consumption of 6+ alcoholic drinks on 1+ occasions, at least once a month
What is Alcohol Use Disorder?
Problematic pattern of alcohol that leads to significant impairments and distress
What groups and environments are Alcohol Use Disorder common in?
- Risk 2x higher in men
- Strong presence in the workplace
- Those with brain shrinkage
- Native Americans
- Can develop during any life period
What is the most common BAC limit for driving in the U.S.?
0.08%
What is Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium?
State of withdrawal induced by prolonged drinking binge
What is Alcohol Amnestic Disorder?
Memory disturbances that can bring about distortions in recollection and associations of objects and people
- If left untreated, brain damage from it becomes permanent
What are the objectives of treatment for alcohol-related disorders?
Detoxification, physical rehabilitation, self-control, and encouraging a belief that life can be rewarding without substances
What medication is known to block the desire to drink?
Naltrexone
What medications reduce severity of side effects from detoxification?
Valium, Diazepam
What is Aversive Conditioning Therapy?
Suppresses drinking behavior by associating negative stimuli with alcohol consumption
What happens when using classical conditioning in treating alcohol-related disorders?
Consuming alcohol before an injection of emetine hydrochloride causes any sight or smell or thought of alcohol to be associated with unpleasant physiological responses
What are the most commonly used substances in Western society?
Opiates, Stimulants, Sedatives, Hallucinogens, Benzodiazepines, Pain medications
What is opium?
Powerful sedative and pain reliever that depresses and slows down central nervous system
- Is highly addictive
- Activates dopamine pathway, aka the “pleasure pathway”
- Ex. Morphine, heroin, codeine
After how many hours do opiate addicts experience withdrawal symptoms if they do not redose?
8 hours
How is alcohol a stimulant?
It releases dopamine and increases heart rate
Is alcohol a stimulant or depressant?
Both
What is the CAGE acronym?
Relating to 3+ of the words means there is a high likelihood that alcohol use is out of control and that rehab may be beneficial
- Cut back
- Annoyed
- Guilt
- Eye-Opening
What does Alcoholics Anonymous focus their treatment on?
Abstinence
What percent of men and women choose abstinence from alcohol today?
28% of men, 50% of women
At what mg/l do stimulant and depressant effects occur in alcohol consumption?
< 0.05 mg/l: Stimulant effects
> 0.08 mg/l: Depressant effects
What hormone is adrenaline?
Epinephrine
What psychologist inspired Alcoholics Anonymous?
Carl Jung
What tissue determines how long it will take for cannabis to leave the body?
Fat
How many of those with alcohol use disorders receive treatment?
< 1/3
- Many people deny problems exist and may not be motivated to work on them
What are cathinones?
Mimic the active ingredients in amphetamines and cocaine
