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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2.1 > Flashcards

Exam 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the historical distinction between fear and anxiety?

A

Fear: There is a specific origin of threat
Anxiety: Danger is less specific

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2
Q

What is the contemporary distinction between fear and anxiety?

A

Fear: Activation of fight-or-flight response in reaction to immediate danger
Anxiety: Complex blend of emotions and cognitive processes

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3
Q

What are anxiety disorders categorized by?

A

Unrealistic, irrational fears that cause significant distress and impairs functioning

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4
Q

What are the 5 anxiety disorders?

A
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Social Anxiety Disorder
  • Specific Phobia
  • Panic Disorder
  • Agoraphobia
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5
Q

What are the clinical features of specific phobias?

A
  • Severe, persistent fear of a specific object/situation
  • Fear causes distress and impairs functioning
  • Experiencer takes extensive measures to avoid any possibility of encountering the object of fear
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6
Q

What are the main subtypes of specific phobias?

A
  • Animals
  • Blood-injection-injury
  • Situational
  • Other
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7
Q

What is a causal factor of specific phobias from a psychoanalytical perspective?

A
  • Defense against stress from the id’s repressed impulses
  • Id’s repressed impulses are projected onto a symbolic, external object
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8
Q

What other causal factors are considered to be related to specific phobias?

A
  • Learned, conditioned responses
  • Genetic and temperamental variables
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9
Q

What is a common treatment for specific phobias?

A

Exposure therapy

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10
Q

What are some clinical features of social anxiety?

A
  • Fears of 1+ social situations that cause distress and impairs functioning
  • Preoccupation with the possibility of negative evaluation
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11
Q

What are some causal factors of social anxiety?

A
  • Conditioned, learned responses
  • Genetic predisposition to qualities such as behavioral inhibition
  • Cognitive bias
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12
Q

What are some clinical features of panic disorder?

A
  • Recurrent, spontaneous panic attacks
  • Fear of the persisting symptoms
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13
Q

What is one of the causal factors of panic disorder?

A

Genetic predisposition to traits such as neuroticism

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14
Q

What is the amygdala?

A
  • Located in hippocampus
  • Critically involved in emotions and fear
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15
Q

What are some clinical features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A
  • Chronic, excessive, and unreasonable worry
  • Lasting 6+ months
  • Anxious apprehension
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16
Q

What is a causal factor of GAD, according to Psychoanalytic Theory?

A
  • Unconscious conflict between the impulses of the id and ego
  • Unconscious conflicts are not properly dealt with due to underdeveloped or disrupted defense mechanisms
17
Q

What are some causal factors of GAD, according to Biological Theory?

A
  • Abnormal activity of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin
  • Amygdala overactivation
18
Q

What are some causal factors of GAD, according to Learning Theory?

A

Developments of associating external cues with internal reactions

19
Q

What are some causal factors of GAD, according to Cognitive Theory?

A

The condition may develop in individuals that are more susceptible to having exaggerated interpretations of bodily sensations

20
Q

What is the estimated heritability rate of GAD?

A

30%

21
Q

What are common treatments to GAD?

A
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
  • Medication
22
Q

What are some clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A
  • Intrusive thoughts and obsessions
  • Compulsive behaviors whose purpose is to relieve the thoughts
  • No longer an anxiety disorder; it is in its own category in the DSM-V, “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders”
23
Q

What are common therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

Cognitive and behavioral therapy

24
Q

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A
  • “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders”
  • Obsessed with real or imagined flaws
  • Obsessions cause distress and impairs functioning
25
Q

Describe some examples of cultural differences in sources of worry

A
  • Caribbean Latin Americans, Puerto Ricans
    • “Ataque de Nervios” often results from family-related circumstances
  • Yoruba culture of Nigeria
    • Primary causes of anxiety: pressure to maintain large families, being cursed or hexed in dreams, and bodily complains
  • China and Southeast Asian countries
    • Concerns about male potency and the penis retracting into the body
26
Q

Why is exposure therapy important in the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

Repeated exposure builds resistance against the fear(s), reducing fear and decreasing avoidance

27
Q

What are the two neurological pathways involved in anxiety disorders?

A

Neuroendocrine and Neurotransmitter Pathways

28
Q

How might treatments differ based on which neurological pathway is activated in anxiety disorders?

A

Medications will vary based on which receptors they act on and which pathways they are working to help

29
Q

Why was OCD controversial in its placement with anxiety disorders?

A
  • Some argue that it belongs in its own category due to it being characterized as involving intrusive thoughts and obsessions along with compulsive behaviors meant to relieve those thoughts.
  • The other anxiety disorders do not involve these thought distortions and behavioral inclinations
30
Q

Where is OCD listed in the DSM-V?

A

“Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders”

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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