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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the elements in the definition of abnormal psychology?

A

Understanding:
- Nature of mental disorders
- Causes of mental disorders
- Treatment of mental disorders

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2
Q

Why do some object to the teaching of Abnormal Psychology?

A

What is considered to be abnormal in some cultures may not be considered abnormal in others

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3
Q

List the elements/indicators of abnormality

A
  • Subjective distress
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Statistical deviancy
  • Violation of society’s standards
  • Social discomfort
  • Irrationality & unpredictability
  • Dangerousness
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory
  • Neuromodulatory
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5
Q

What do the major psychological theories/models have in common?

A
  • All emphasize the importance of causal factors of a characteristic type
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6
Q

How do the major psychological models differ?

A
  • Psychoanalytic: Assumes that there is an unconscious self
  • Behavioralist: Assumes behavior structures thought
  • Cognitive-Behavioral: Assumes thought structures behavior
  • Humanism: Assumes that there is free will
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7
Q

Can you recognize what type of research design is being used in a given study?

A

Correlational, Experimental, Case Studies, Longitudinal

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8
Q

What does reliability and validity mean in terms of a classification/diagnostic category, such as a diagnosis in DSM 5?

A
  • Reliability: The degree to which different clinicians consistently agree on a patient’s symptoms and diagnosis
  • Validity: The degree to which a clinician can determine the present and future course of a patient’s disorder
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9
Q

When tests have reliability and validity, what does it mean?

A
  • Reliability: Results are consistent across multiple studies/tests
  • Validity: A test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
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10
Q

Stress is defined by chance, intensity, duration, and cumulative amount. What are some of the recommendations for managing stress?

A
  • Healthy diet and sleep
  • Emotional regulation
  • Emotional disclosure
  • Biofeedback
  • Relaxation/Meditation
  • CBT
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11
Q

Based on what we know about stress, when is someone most likely to get sick?

A

Long-term stressors
- Cytokine production decreases during an increased activity of stress/conflict in the brain

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12
Q

Abnormal Psychology definition

A

Domain of psychology concerned with assessment, treatment, and prevention of “abnormal” behavior

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13
Q

ABAB Design

A

Experimental design; (A) Baseline, (B) Treatment, (A) Baseline/Removing treatment, (B) Treatment reinstated

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14
Q

Definition of Acute

A

A disorder with a sudden onset–usually with intense symptoms

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15
Q

Analog Studies

A

Researchers attempt to emulate conditions that are hypothesized to lead to an abnormality

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16
Q

Bias

A

Preconceived ideas and expectations influence observations and conclusions in studies

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17
Q

Case Study

A

Investigation of individual or family

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18
Q

Chronic Definition

A

Long-standing, constant

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19
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistic that represents the strength of a correlation; positive or negative

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20
Q

Criterion Group

A

Group of subjects that exhibit a disorder being studied

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21
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Factor expected to chage with manipulated (independent) variables

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22
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

Experiment in which neither participants nor researcher knows if the subject received the treatment or not

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a population

24
Q

Etiology

A

Factors that are related to the development, or cause, of a disorder

25
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which findings in a study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times

26
Q

Generalizability

A

The extent to which findings in a study can be used to draw conclusions about other samples

27
Q

Incidence

A

Onset rate of a disorder in a given population

28
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows researchers to have confidence in their findings

29
Q

Labeling

A

Assigning a person to a particular diagnostic category (ex. schizophrenia)

30
Q

Nomenclature

A

A formalized naming system

31
Q

1-year Prevalence

A

Total number of cases of a condition in a population for a given year

32
Q

Prospective Research

A

Research method that focuses on those with a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before the abnormal behavior is observed

33
Q

Retrospective Research

A

Research approach that attempts to retrace early life events

34
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone

35
Q

Catharsis

A

Discharge of emotional tension caused by, or associated with, something (ex. discussing past trauma)

36
Q

Free Association

A

Method to probe the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves

37
Q

Attachment Theory

A

(Contemporary) Developmental and Psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the importance of experiences with attachment relationships early in life.

The early-life attachment relationships lay the foundation for functioning later in life

38
Q

Behaviorism

A

(Watson) Believes psychology should be treated as an objective science that studies behavior without referencing mental processes

  • Behavior structures thought
39
Q

Biopsychosocial Viewpoint

A

Approach to mental disorders that emphasizes biological causations

40
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Viewpoint that emphasizes that learning is central in determining human behavior

41
Q

Cytokines

A

Small protein molecules that enable the brain and immune system to communicate with each other

42
Q

Antigens

A

A foreign body (ex. virus, bacteria) or internal threat (ex. tumor) that can trigger an immune system response

43
Q

T-Score Distribution

A

Standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores in a test by comparing scores with a group of unknown values

44
Q

Standardization

A
  • Process that ensures a test is uniform and is set to meet a specific standard.
  • An assessment is approached and scored the same way each time
45
Q

What is the difference between Symptoms and Signs?

A

Symptoms: Patient’s subjective experience
Signs: Objective observations from a clinician

46
Q

Projective Personality Tests

A

Assessments that present stimuli without a specified meaning to subjects, and their responses can be interpreted to identify underlying personality characteristics

47
Q

Objective Personality Tests

A

Structured tests used in psychological assessments (ex. self-inventories)

48
Q

Neuropsychological Assessment

A

Tests that measure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and location of brain damage

49
Q

Inter-rater Reliability

A

A measure of an agreement between different raters that have assessed the same person

50
Q

What is the difference between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

A

MRI: Internal scanning that measures variations in magnetic fields in order to have a visualization of anatomical features of internal organs

fMRI: Internal scanning that measures changes in blood flow in the brain in order to map psychological activity (ex. sensations, images, thoughts)

51
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Graphical record of a brain’s electrical activity that is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring brain wave impulses

52
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Endocrine gland associated with many regulatory functions
  • Regulates growth and control of hormones
53
Q

Phenotype

A

Observed structural and functional characteristics of a person that result from interactions between genotypes and the environment

54
Q

Object Relations Theory

A
  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Viewpoint that focuses on an infant or young child’s interactions with real or imagined “objects”, in addition to how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives
55
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by a pre-synaptic neuron, as well as transmitting nerve impulses from one neuron to another

56
Q

Necessary Cause

A

A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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