Exam 2.2 Flashcards
What are the 2 key moods in mood disorders?
Depression and mania
What are the 2 types of mood disorders?
Unipolar and Bipolar
What kind of episodes are there in mood disorders, and how long do they last?
- Depressive (2+ weeks)
- Manic (1+ weeks)
- Hypomanic (4+ days)
How is hypomania different from mania?
Less impairment in functioning
What are the main clinical features of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
- Unipolar disorder
- Specified as being either single (initial) or recurrent episodes
- No manic episodes
What is a relapse in MDD?
The return of symptoms within a short period of time
What is a recurrence in MDD?
The onset of a new depressive episode
What are the melancholic features of MDD?
- Early morning awakening
- Depression is worse in the mornings
- Psychomotor difficulty
- Appetite/weight changes
- Excessive guilt
What are the psychotic features of MDD?
- Delusions/hallucinations
- Guilt and worthlessness
What are the atypical features of MDD?
- Mood reactivity to events
- Appetite/weight changes
- Hypersomnia
- Leaded paralysis (heavy feeling in limbs)
- Acute sensitivity to rejection
What are the catatonic features of MDD?
- Difficulty in psychomotor functioning
- Mutism/rigidity
What are seasonal pattern features in MDD?
- 2+ episodes in the past 2 years
- Episodes occur at same times every year
- Full remission at the same times every year
- No other nonseasonal episodes in a 2-year period
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
- Also known as Dysthymia
- Persistent depressed mood that lasts for most of the day, on more days than not
- Symptoms occur for 2+ years
- Intermittently normal moods lasting at most 2 months
- May co-occur with MDD
What are features of grief?
- Numbing and disbelief
- Yearning and searching
- Disorganization and despair
- Reorganization
What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?
- New DSM-V diagnosis
- Severe irritability, depression, and anxiety shortly before period
- Symptoms go away within a few days of starting period
What are the biological causal factors of unipolar mood disorders?
- Genetic predisposition, such as in serotonin-transporter genes
- Neurochemical disturbances
- Sustained, elevated cortisol activity
- Damage in some areas of the prefrontal cortex
- Disturbances in sleep, circadian rhythm, sunlights, and seasons
- What are the psychosocial causal factors of unipolar mood disorders?
- Stressful life events
- Environmental stressors
- Traits of high neuroticism
- Negative affectivity, temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli
What are the causal factors of unipolar mood disorders, according to Psychoanalytic Theory?
- Early experiences in life
- Anger turned inward
- Regression to oral stage after losing a loved one
- Correspondence of mourning and depression after losing a loved one
What are some causal factors of unipolar mood disorders, according to Cognitive Theory?
- Outlined by Aaron Beck
- Dysfunctional beliefs
- Negative automatic thoughts, distortions of thought
What is the negative cognitive triad?
- Negative thoughts about self
- Negative thoughts about world
- Negative thoughts about future
What is arbitrary inference?
Jumping to conclusions where there is little-to-no evidence
What is dichotomous reasoning?
All-or-nothing, black-and-white thinking
What is Cyclothymic Disorder?
- Mood changes of abnormal severity that is less severe than Bipolar Disorder mood swings
- 2+ years of hypomanic symptoms
What is Bipolar I Disorder?
- Experiences full-blown mania
- Have mixed episodes of depression and mania
What are mixed episodes and how long do they last?
- Manic and depressive symptoms that last for 1+ weeks
- Symptoms can occur simultaneously or rapidly alternatingly
What is Bipolar II Disorder?
- Experiences hypomania
- Periods of depression that meet the criteria from MDD
What is Bipolar Disorder with a seasonal pattern?
Rapid cycling with 4+ episodes each year
What are some of the biological causal factors in Bipolar Disorders?
- Genetic predisposition
- Neurochemical imbalances
- Low levels of serotonin in both kinds of episodes
- Increased norepinephrine during manic episodes
What are some of the psychological causal factors and maintenance factors in Bipolar Disorders?
- Stressful life events
- Quality and quantity of social support
- Personality and cognitive variables
How do cultural factors influence the expression of mood disorders?
- Varying risk factors
- Stigma
- Differences in how the self is viewed (ex. the West has more individualistic views, while China views themselves as defined by their involvement with others)
- Differences in willingness to report symptoms
What are some common treatments for mood disorders?
- Medications (MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs)
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Psychotherapy
What is the prevalence of suicidal behaviors?
- 15th leading cause of death worldwide
- 10% of adults report having considered suicide
- 3% of adults report having attempted suicide
- Susceptibility drastically increases in adolescence
What are some psychosocial causal factors of suicidal behaviors?
- Psychoache
- Environmental effects on development
What are some biological causal factors of suicidal behaviors?
- Genetic predisposition
- Disrupted serotonin functioning
What efforts are currently used to prevent and treat suicidal behaviors?
- Treating mental disorders
- Crisis intervention
Why are different medications used for Bipolar and Unipolar depression?
Unipolar disorders do not include manic symptoms, so Bipolar disorders can require medications and therapies that target different parts of the brain/behavior
Why is it sometimes difficult to accurately diagnose Bipolar depression?
- It can be difficult to distinguish Bipolar I from Bipolar II and Unipolar disorders
- There are specific time frames in which manic and depressive symptoms must occur, which can be hard to properly keep track of
What are 5 myths of suicide?
- Talking about suicide increases the chance a person will act on it
- People who talk about suicide are just seeking attention
- Suicide cannot be prevented
- People who take their own lives are selfish, cowards, or weak
- Teenagers and college students are at the most risk for suicide
