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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2.2 > Flashcards

Exam 2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 key moods in mood disorders?

A

Depression and mania

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of mood disorders?

A

Unipolar and Bipolar

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3
Q

What kind of episodes are there in mood disorders, and how long do they last?

A
  • Depressive (2+ weeks)
  • Manic (1+ weeks)
  • Hypomanic (4+ days)
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4
Q

How is hypomania different from mania?

A

Less impairment in functioning

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5
Q

What are the main clinical features of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A
  • Unipolar disorder
  • Specified as being either single (initial) or recurrent episodes
  • No manic episodes
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6
Q

What is a relapse in MDD?

A

The return of symptoms within a short period of time

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7
Q

What is a recurrence in MDD?

A

The onset of a new depressive episode

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8
Q

What are the melancholic features of MDD?

A
  • Early morning awakening
  • Depression is worse in the mornings
  • Psychomotor difficulty
  • Appetite/weight changes
  • Excessive guilt
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9
Q

What are the psychotic features of MDD?

A
  • Delusions/hallucinations
  • Guilt and worthlessness
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10
Q

What are the atypical features of MDD?

A
  • Mood reactivity to events
  • Appetite/weight changes
  • Hypersomnia
  • Leaded paralysis (heavy feeling in limbs)
  • Acute sensitivity to rejection
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11
Q

What are the catatonic features of MDD?

A
  • Difficulty in psychomotor functioning
  • Mutism/rigidity
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12
Q

What are seasonal pattern features in MDD?

A
  • 2+ episodes in the past 2 years
  • Episodes occur at same times every year
  • Full remission at the same times every year
  • No other nonseasonal episodes in a 2-year period
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13
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A
  • Also known as Dysthymia
  • Persistent depressed mood that lasts for most of the day, on more days than not
  • Symptoms occur for 2+ years
  • Intermittently normal moods lasting at most 2 months
  • May co-occur with MDD
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14
Q

What are features of grief?

A
  • Numbing and disbelief
  • Yearning and searching
  • Disorganization and despair
  • Reorganization
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15
Q

What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A
  • New DSM-V diagnosis
  • Severe irritability, depression, and anxiety shortly before period
  • Symptoms go away within a few days of starting period
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16
Q

What are the biological causal factors of unipolar mood disorders?

A
  • Genetic predisposition, such as in serotonin-transporter genes
  • Neurochemical disturbances
  • Sustained, elevated cortisol activity
  • Damage in some areas of the prefrontal cortex
  • Disturbances in sleep, circadian rhythm, sunlights, and seasons
17
Q
  • What are the psychosocial causal factors of unipolar mood disorders?
A
  • Stressful life events
  • Environmental stressors
  • Traits of high neuroticism
  • Negative affectivity, temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli
18
Q

What are the causal factors of unipolar mood disorders, according to Psychoanalytic Theory?

A
  • Early experiences in life
  • Anger turned inward
  • Regression to oral stage after losing a loved one
  • Correspondence of mourning and depression after losing a loved one
19
Q

What are some causal factors of unipolar mood disorders, according to Cognitive Theory?

A
  • Outlined by Aaron Beck
  • Dysfunctional beliefs
  • Negative automatic thoughts, distortions of thought
20
Q

What is the negative cognitive triad?

A
  • Negative thoughts about self
  • Negative thoughts about world
  • Negative thoughts about future
21
Q

What is arbitrary inference?

A

Jumping to conclusions where there is little-to-no evidence

22
Q

What is dichotomous reasoning?

A

All-or-nothing, black-and-white thinking

23
Q

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

A
  • Mood changes of abnormal severity that is less severe than Bipolar Disorder mood swings
  • 2+ years of hypomanic symptoms
24
Q

What is Bipolar I Disorder?

A
  • Experiences full-blown mania
  • Have mixed episodes of depression and mania
25
Q

What are mixed episodes and how long do they last?

A
  • Manic and depressive symptoms that last for 1+ weeks
  • Symptoms can occur simultaneously or rapidly alternatingly
26
Q

What is Bipolar II Disorder?

A
  • Experiences hypomania
  • Periods of depression that meet the criteria from MDD
27
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder with a seasonal pattern?

A

Rapid cycling with 4+ episodes each year

28
Q

What are some of the biological causal factors in Bipolar Disorders?

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Neurochemical imbalances
    • Low levels of serotonin in both kinds of episodes
    • Increased norepinephrine during manic episodes
29
Q

What are some of the psychological causal factors and maintenance factors in Bipolar Disorders?

A
  • Stressful life events
  • Quality and quantity of social support
  • Personality and cognitive variables
30
Q

How do cultural factors influence the expression of mood disorders?

A
  • Varying risk factors
  • Stigma
  • Differences in how the self is viewed (ex. the West has more individualistic views, while China views themselves as defined by their involvement with others)
  • Differences in willingness to report symptoms
31
Q

What are some common treatments for mood disorders?

A
  • Medications (MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs)
  • Electroconvulsive therapy
  • Psychotherapy
32
Q

What is the prevalence of suicidal behaviors?

A
  • 15th leading cause of death worldwide
  • 10% of adults report having considered suicide
  • 3% of adults report having attempted suicide
  • Susceptibility drastically increases in adolescence
33
Q

What are some psychosocial causal factors of suicidal behaviors?

A
  • Psychoache
  • Environmental effects on development
34
Q

What are some biological causal factors of suicidal behaviors?

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Disrupted serotonin functioning
35
Q

What efforts are currently used to prevent and treat suicidal behaviors?

A
  • Treating mental disorders
  • Crisis intervention
36
Q

Why are different medications used for Bipolar and Unipolar depression?

A

Unipolar disorders do not include manic symptoms, so Bipolar disorders can require medications and therapies that target different parts of the brain/behavior

37
Q

Why is it sometimes difficult to accurately diagnose Bipolar depression?

A
  • It can be difficult to distinguish Bipolar I from Bipolar II and Unipolar disorders
  • There are specific time frames in which manic and depressive symptoms must occur, which can be hard to properly keep track of
38
Q

What are 5 myths of suicide?

A
  • Talking about suicide increases the chance a person will act on it
  • People who talk about suicide are just seeking attention
  • Suicide cannot be prevented
  • People who take their own lives are selfish, cowards, or weak
  • Teenagers and college students are at the most risk for suicide

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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