Exam 3 - theories Flashcards
1
Q
What is the reflex theory?
A
- reflexes are the building blocks of complex behavior
- strings of reflexes chained together to cause the action
2
Q
Reflex theory: Limitations
A
- reflex cannot be considered the basic unit if both spontaneous and voluntary motions are acceptable classes of behavior (anticipatory movements)
- does not explain and predict movement that occurs without sensory stim
- does not explain fast moments
- fails to explain how single stim can create many responses
- does not explain ability to produce novel moments (violinist playing the cello)
3
Q
Reflex theory: Assumptions
A
- sensory input controls motor output (peripheralist)
- sensation is required for motor output
- movement is a summation of reflexes
4
Q
Reflex theory: Clinical implications
A
- should allow therapists to predict fx and facilitate fx
- mvmt behaviors interpreted in terms of presence or absence of controlling reflexes
- focus on enhancing or reducing the effects of reflexes during tasks
5
Q
What is hierarchical theory?
A
- a top down or developmental coritcalization
- voluntary control -> excitatory/inhibitory -> primitive reflexes (only present when higher centers are damaged) -> spinal reflexes
6
Q
Hierarchical: Assumptions
A
- Central systems control patterns of movement (centralist)
- top down organization
- separation of voluntary and reflexive movement
7
Q
Hierarchical: Clinical implication
A
- inhibit bad movements and facilitate good ones
- still need therapist to give external stim to inhibit or facilitate
- go back to developmental sequencing
8
Q
Hierarchical: Limitations
A
- cannot explain dominance of reflexive behavior in non-impaired adults
- development is not always step-like
- recognize that each level of NS can act on other levels (*parallel processing)
- patients are passive in rehab process
9
Q
Motor Program Theories: Limitations
A
- sensation is still very important for movements
- does not consider changes in musculoskeletal system altering motor programs
- how can there be a motor program for everything?
- movement variability results from default in the program
10
Q
What is the Motor Program Theories?
A
- that all pathways are engraved. the more you do the better it gets. Explore actions rather than reactions
- may be used to represent neural connections that are stereotyped and hardwired (i.e., CPG in cats)
- or… may be used to describe the higher-level neural connections that represent actions in more abstract terms (writing your name thing)
11
Q
Motor program theories: Assumptions
A
- specific neural circuit for a specific motor function
- general program representing actions in abstract terms are more flexible
- contain variant and invariant features (walking, handwriting)
- variability due to error in performance and learn to decrease error and variability
12
Q
Motor program theories: Clinical implications
A
- allow clinicians to move beyond, but still integrate, a reflex explanation for disordered motor control
- suggests importance for helping patients relearn the correct rules for action
- interventions should focus on retraining movements important to functional task
13
Q
What is the systems theory?
A
- suggests that mvmc must include all forces (and systems) acting on the body not just from the nervous system.
- looks at body as a mechanical system (with mass and subject to both internal and external forces)
- has synergies (hierarchical control) and degrees of freedom (any part of system that can be altered.)
14
Q
Systems theory: Assumptions
A
- interaction of all systems to control behavior to achieve task goals
- adaptive, anticipatory *
- synergies and coordinative structures
15
Q
System theory: Clinical implications
A
- stresses importance of understanding the body as a mechanical system and their interactions
- motions emerge from the interaction of systems
- focus on task goals
- variety of environments and contexts
16
Q
System theory: limitations
A
- difficult defining efficient and effective
- not a lot of “hands on”
- no unique solution
- does not focus as heavily on interaction of organism with environment as other theories
17
Q
What is dynamical action theory?
A
- very similar to system
- when a system of indiv. parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way = self organization
- non-linear system ( input not always equal to output)
- control parameters, inherent variability.
18
Q
Control parameters: (dynamic action theory)
A
new mvmt emerges due to a critical change in one of the systems. Walk, walk faster, run…
19
Q
Dynamic action: clinical implications
A
- mvmt is an emergent property and has variability
- understand more of physical or dynamic properties of the human body, clinicians can make use of them to regain motor control
- rapid shift of behavior once all subsystems reach critical level (variability does not mean error)
20
Q
Dynamic action: limitations
A
- nervous system does not work in isolation
- consider the mechanics of movement
- relationship btw physical system and environment primarily determines behavior
21
Q
Dynamic action: Assumptions
A
- self organization is the collective behavior of individual parts
- output is not always equal to input
- new mvmc emerges due to critical change in one system (control parameter)
- inherent variability needed for optimal function
22
Q
Ecological theory: Assumptions
A
- actions require perceptual info that is specific to a desired goal-directed action within a specific environment
23
Q
Ecological theory: Clinical implications
A
- indiv. is an active explorer of environment
- indiv. can develop multiple ways to accomplish task
- adaptability is important
24
Q
What is ecological theory?
A
- a perception action system that explores the environment to satisfy its own goals.
- how are actions geared towards the environment.
25
Ecological theory: Limitations
-not a lot of influence of the nervous system of indiv
26
Muscle re-ed (models things)
- appropriate during polio epidemic and with LMN or mm disorders
- strengthening exercises
- facilitation of weak mm
27
Neurofacilitation (what is and what models does it link with)
- retraining motor control through techniques designed to facilitate and/or inhibit different movement patterns.
- associated with both the reflex and hierarchical theories of motor control
28
Neurofacilitation: Assumptions
- functional skills will automatically return once abnormal patterns are inhibited and normal patterns are facilitated
- repeated normal movement patterns will automatically transfer to functional tasks
29
Task analysis and assumptions
- movement is organized around a behavioral goal and is constrained by environment
- patient learns by actively attempting to solve the problems rather than repetitively practicing patterns
Assume: training and repeating task that they will learn.
