Exam 1: stuff Flashcards
1
Q
Motor control definitions
A
- ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to movement
- understanding the neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement.
2
Q
Movement definition
A
- moving the body parts in space with a variety of options over a moving? base
- KEY: variability and quality of movement
3
Q
Postural control definition
A
- stabilizing the body in space
- controlling COM over the BOS
4
Q
3 parts of movement? circle things
A
- environment
- task
- individual
5
Q
Discrete vs continuous movements
A
Discrete: begin and end to a movement (kicking)
Continuous: no clear beginning or end. Person determines it. (walking)
6
Q
serial movements
A
-ordered series of discrete movements
7
Q
open vs closed task
A
- open: ever changing
- Closed: relatively little change
8
Q
2 aspects of environment
A
- nonregulatory
- regulatory
9
Q
3 aspects of individual
A
- cognition
- action
- perception
10
Q
3 aspects of task
A
- manipulation
- stability
- mobility
11
Q
What cranial nerves are part of the CNS and PNS
A
CNS = 1,2 PNS = 3-12
12
Q
Schwann cells found in
A
PNS
13
Q
Brain and spinal cord injury = upper motor issues. causes what?
A
spasticity
14
Q
Peripheral nerve injury = lower motor issues. causes
A
-profound weakness
15
Q
medial part of ventral horn controls?
Later part controls?
A
proximal muscles
-Lateral = distal muscles
16
Q
muscle spindles
A
- reflexive contractions
- proprioception - constantly giving info on location
- gamma motor neurons cause intrafusal fibers to contract keeping it taught
- low threshold = fast reaction
17
Q
muscle tone definition
A
-force with which a muscle resists being lengthened; stiffness
18
Q
components of muscle tone
A
- intrinsic elasticity of muscles
- neural component (excitability of alpha motor neurons, supraspinal control of gamma motor neurons)
19
Q
purpose of muscle tone
A
- readiness to fire
- stores energy for later use
- smoothes movement: no tremor
- maintain posture
20
Q
pyramidal system regulation of muscle activity
A
motor weakness.
-primary motor cortex and cortical spinal tracts
21
Q
Extrapyramidal system: regulation of muscle activity
A
abnormal muscle tone
22
Q
Primary motor cortex (M1) : purpose
A
- main motor output area of the cortex
- it codes the force and speed of movement
23
Q
Primary motor cortex: receives input from what?
A
- sensory areas (S1 and sensory association area)
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
24
Q
corticospinal (cs) tract: (output of primary motor cortex)
A
- axons leave cell bodies in precentral gyrus
- internal capsule
- brainstem
- medulla. 80-90% of fibers decussates
- descend in lat cs tract of spinal cord.
- (uncrossed fibers continue in anterior -ventral cs tract- then cross once at specific level of s.c.)
- fibers enter ant. gray horn
- synapse with alpha motor neurons
- muscle stimulated
25
What is the function of corticospinal neurons in primary motor cortex?
- project to multiple motor neuron pools in the spinal cord
- participate in the initiation of movement
- motor cortex neurons code for the force and speed of individual movements, **not individual muscles.
26
function of premotor cortex
- sequential tasks
- visual dependent (i.e., darts)
- output to M1
27
supplementary cortex function
- more automated movements
- not needing visual guidance (i.e., walking)
- output to M1
28
Prefrontal cortex role
- executive functioning
| - memory (indirectly)
29
orbitofrontal role
- affect (i.e., personality)
| - social behavior
30
purpose of cerebellum
- coordination of movement (especially visually guided)
- muscle tone
- balance
- motor learning
- error detection
- cognition
31
purpose of basal ganglia
- muscle tone
| - initiates movement
32
regulatory vs nonregulatory environments
reg: influences the tast. (weight of a cup)
nonreg: does not influence (color of it)
33
3 parts of brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
34
frontal lobe function
behavior, emotion
35
parietal lobe function
sensory info
36
temporal lobe
memory, hearing
37
occipital lobe
vision
38
dorsal vs ventral horn?
- ventral horn = motor neurons
| - dorsal horn = sensory
39
muscle spindle: Ia, II, gamma
- Ia = quick stretch
- II = static stretch
- gamma = keep intrafusal fibers taught
40
GTO does input and output?
-only does output.
41
2 parts of somatosensory system
- cutaneous (touch, pressure, temp, pain, vibration)
| - proprioception: (mm, tendons, joints, connective tissue)
42
cutaneous receptors on skin give rise to? (3)
- reflex mvmts
- body position
- orientation to environment.
43
purpose of spindle info: vis spinal cord and higher centers
- spinal cord = fine control of movment
| - higher centers = helps with mm tone
44
lateral spinal thalamic tract carries?
- pain and temp!
| - crosses right away
45
dorsal column medical lemniscus (DCML) carries?
proprioceptive, fine touch vibration
| -crosses in medulla
46
first integration of somatosensory info is in
primary somatosensory cortex. S1
47
further integration of somatosensory info is in
secondary somatosensory cortex. S2
48
sensory association areas. 5 & 7 process what?
- visual and somatosensory info
| - helps with visually guided movements
49
sensory association areas. post to 7 process
-process body part info
| deficit = visual neglect, agnosia
50
agnosia
inability to recognize objects
51
optic tract -> LGN -> occipital lobe does
object recognition
52
optic tract -> sup colliculus -> occipital lobe
- maps visual space and localizes visual stim
| - saccadic eye movement
53
optic tract -> midbrain -> L7L CN3
-modulates pupillary light reflex
54
fluid system in ear: endolymph and perilymph
```
endo = fills membranous labyrinths
perily = btwn membrane and bony labyrinth
```
55
lateral VSR increases what?
antigravity mm tone
56
medial VSR mediates what?
mediates axial cervical mm activity
57
reticular formation does whattttt
- postural mm tone
| - arousal
58
what modulates VOR and VSR?
cerebellum
59
what drives VOR?
oculomotor nuclei
60
Perception def
attaching meaning by relating past stuff to sensory experiences
61
Perception: linked with prefrontal areas for?
behavior/action
62
perception: linked with vision areas for?
attention and body awareness
63
perception: lesions in parietal and prefrontal do what?
- parietal = attention deficits
| - prefrontal = personality, behavior changes
64
what is stereognosis?
recognizing an object without visual or auditory means
65
Cognition def
ability to sort, process, retrieve and manipulate info
66
7 parts of cognition
BOP-ME-A
- behavior
- orientation
- problem solving
- memory
- executive fx
- attention
67
3 steps of problem solving
1- preparation (understand issue)
2- production (generate solutions)
3-judgement (eval consequences)
68
Def: alertness and arousal
ability to extract info from the env.
69
Def: vigilance (sustained)
ability to stay focused on a stimulus
70
def: selective attention:
ability to disregard irrelevant info but attend to one stimulus
71
def: disengage and switch or alternating
opposite of selective attention. ability to disengage from a stim and switch to another
72
def: resource/divided attention
multitasking
73
3 stages of info processing
- stim identification (sense, encode, perceive)
- response selection (# of choices, S-R compatibility)
- response programming (complexity, R-R compatibility)
74
What is hicks law?
linear relationship btwn the RT and the log of the number of stim response alternatives
(more choices = longer it takes to correctly react)
75
3 stages of motor learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous stage
76
Def: acuity
clearness of vision
77
def: accommodation
process by which eyes adjust and can focus. produces a sharp image.
78
Def: color sensitivity
ability to see color. Cones
79
Def: adaptation to dark
ability to see in night. rods
80
sign vs symptom
```
sign = objective measure
symptom = subjective info
```
81
positive vs negative (UMN)
- positive = gain something (spasticity)
| - negative = lose something (strength)
82
Primary vs secondary
- primary = direct result
| - secondary = consequence of injury
83
UMN vs LMN
- UMN = spasticity
| - LMN = atrophy, hyporeflexia
84
ability to generate enough tension in a mm for posture and mvmt
= strength
85
inability to recruit and/or modulate motor neurons
= weakness
86
inability or difficulty recruiting motor units
=paralysis/plegia
87
mild or partial loss of muscle activity
= paresis
88
Pyramidal system (primary motor cortex and cortical spinal tracts) regulate what?
motor weakness
89
extrapyramidal system: regulates what?
abnormal muscle tone
90
Def: rigidity
=heightened resistance to possible movement in limb
-cogwheel and lead pipe
91
Def: spasticity
velocity dependent resistance to passive motion.
| -usually unidirectional
92
What can you use to exam abnormal tone?
- MAS
- DTRs
- Pendulum test
- PROM
- babinski
93
PT intervention for spasticity
- splint, brace, cast
- strengthen within control ROM
- muscle re-ed
- modalities
94
pharm intervention to spasticity
- Baclofen = GABA agonist
| - Botox (blocks release of NT)
95
Athetosis
make continual twisting, squirming movements or contortions of the body
96
dystonia
resulting in muscular spasm and abnormal posture
97
chorea
-characterized by jerky involuntary movements. especially the shoulders, hips, and face
98
Def: dysmetria
overshoot or undershoot motion
99
Def: dyskinesia
= no functional movement
100
Def: dysdiadochokinesia
= cant do rapid alt movements
101
Def: dysarthria
= difficulty with speech
102
Def: tremor
involuntary oscillatory mvmt resulting from alternate contractions of opposing muscle groups
103
intentions vs resting tremor
```
intention = cerebellum issue
resting = basal ganglia issue
```
104
Medial lemniscal system lesions: found where and cause what
```
found = spinal cord
cause = light touch issue
```
105
Lateral spinothalamic tract lesion: found and cause
```
found= spinal cord
cause = pain/temp
```
106
somatosensory impairment testing order
- one pt
- 2 pt discrim
- quantification
- recognition
107
will you treat somatosensation deficit?
yes. studies show it improves pt ability to interpret and discriminate info
108
what are 3 functions of the vestibular system
1- gaze stabilization
2 - posture and balance
3 - conscious sense of orientation in space
109
Def: agnosia
inability to recognize; loss of perception
110
Def: somatognosia
inability to perceive/orient to part/s of body
111
Def: anosognosia
denial or unaware of one's neuro deficit
112
Def: hemi-spatial or unilateral neglect
-inability to perceive and integrate one side of body
113
Def: apraxia
inability to carry out purposeful mvmts
114
Sensory neglect
-unaware of sensory infor on one side of body (opp brain lesion)
115
Mesulam's model
- left brain only points to right space
- right brain does both
=why we tend to see more left neglects than right
116
What type of learning is best for patient?
implicit. learn from mistakes
