EXAM 3 - Substance-Related, Addictive & Impulse-control Disorders Flashcards
Substance use
Taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with functioning
Substance intoxication
Physical reaction to a substance (e.g., being drunk)
Often involves impaired judgment, mood changes, and lowered motor ability
Substance abuse
Use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment in your life (e.g., affecting job or relationships)
Substance dependence
May be defined by tolerance and withdrawal
Sometimes defined by drug-seeking behavior (e.g., spending too much money on substance)
Tolerance
Needing more of a substance to get the same effect
Reduced effects from the same amount
A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
Withdrawal
Physical symptom reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use
The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance
Another substance is taken to relieve or to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Substance-Related Disorders in DSM-5: The 11 Criteria associated with substance use
There are no longer separate designations for intoxication, abuse, and dependence
Severity qualifiers are assigned:
Mild (2 or 3 of the 11 criteria are met)
Moderate (4 or 5 of the 11 criteria are met)
Severe (6 or more of the 11 criteria are met)
Taking more of the substance than intended or over a longer period of time than was intended
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or to control use
Excessive time spent using substance, in activities to acquire substance or in recovering from the effects of the substance
Craving for or strong desire to use the substance
Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home
Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or Interpersonal problems caused by or exacerbated by substance use
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced due to the substance use
Recurrent substance use in physically hazardous situations (e.g. driving)
Recurrent substance use despite knowing it is causing or exacerbating physical or psychological problems
Depressants
Behavioral sedation (e.g., alcohol, sedative, anxiolytic drugs)
Stimulants
Increase alertness and elevate mood (e.g., cocaine, nicotine)
Opiates
Produce analgesia and euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine, codeine)
Hallucinogens
Alter sensory perception (e.g., marijuana, LSD)
Other drugs of abuse
Include inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications
The Brain’s Pleasure Centers - The Limbic System
Hippocampus (memories)
Amygdala (emotions)
The Striatum
Reward Circuits
Ventral Tegmental Area
Nucleus Accumbens
The Locus Coeruleus
The Prefrontal Cortex
How do drugs produce their effects and lead to addiction?
Some Stimulate GABA receptors, major inhibitory neurotransmitters, and causes dopamine to be released
Reduces tension (benzodiapines)
Some Increase levels of dopamine and/or endorphins
Pleasurable feelings
Some reduce levels of serotonin, Others increase serotonin
Some inhibit glutamate receptors
Cognitive effects, such as slurred speech, impaired decisions, and memory loss
Some Stimulate GABA receptors
major inhibitory neurotransmitters, and causes dopamine to be released
Reduces tension
Some Increase levels of dopamine and/or endorphins
Pleasurable feelings
Some reduce levels of serotonin, Others increase serotonin
Some inhibit glutamate receptors
Cognitive effects, such as slurred speech, impaired decisions, and memory loss
Alcoholism
Jellinek’s (1946) sequence of behaviors associated with alcohol dependence: Periodic, excessive drinking Blackouts Sneaking drinks Loss of control over drinking (Key Sign) Remorse and rationalization Changing patterns Morning Drinking Benders Defeat
Incidence rates for Alcohol Dependence
men is over 20% and for women is over 8%
Native American youth have highest rates