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Abnormal Psychology > EXAM 1 - ch2 - causes of psychopathology > Flashcards

EXAM 1 - ch2 - causes of psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

One-Dimensional Model

A

Explain behavior in terms of a single cause
Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach
Tend to ignore information from other areas
Example: Explaining obsessive-compulsive disorder as the result of modeling a parent alone—Behavioral Model only

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2
Q

Multidimensional Model

A

Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
“System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering/problems
Draw upon information from several sources
Psychopathology results from multiple influences

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3
Q

Integrative Systems Approach

A

Allows for different causes in different people for different disorders.
This approach emphasizes:
Multifactorial causes
The biopsychosocial perspective

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4
Q

The diathesis–stress model

A

The diathesis–stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences. The term diathesis derives from the Greek term for a predisposition, or sensibility
The greater the vulnerability, the less stress needed to trigger a disorder

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5
Q

Equifinality

A

is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

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6
Q

Reciprocal Causality

A

the way that you are, will influence how our environment will react to us. Temperament differences can cause siblings to be treated differently by their parents.

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7
Q

Lifespan

A

depression will look very different in different ages

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8
Q

Developmental Psychopathology

A

We need to understand normal development in order to understand abnormal development

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9
Q

Reciprocal gene-environment model

A

Outcomes are a result of interactions between genetic vulnerabilities and experience
Examples: depression, impulsivity
Genetics may make people more likely to seek out certain environments, thus affecting their experiences

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10
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental influences (e.g., stress, nutrition) actually affect the expression of certain genes both for the individual and their descendants

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11
Q

The field of neuroscience

A

The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior

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12
Q

The Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and autonomic branches

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system

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15
Q

Autonomoic Nervous System

A

control involuntary muscle movement
further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion

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16
Q

sympathetic

A

expands energy (3F’s)

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17
Q

parasympathetic

A

conserves energy (resting)

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18
Q

Neurons

A

Neurons operate electrically, but communicate chemically

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

“Chemical messengers”

transmit messages between brain cells

20
Q

Endocrine System

A

Regulates release of hormones

21
Q

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical axis (HPA axis)

A

Integration of endocrine and nervous system function, typically in response to stress
Dysregulated hormones are implicated in some forms of psychopathology (depression; anxiety)

22
Q

Agonists

A

increase activity of a neurotransmitter

23
Q

Inverse agonists

A

produce effects opposite to a neurotransmitter

24
Q

Antagonists

A

inhibit or block the production of neurotransmitter or function indirectly to prevent the chemical from reaching the next neuron by closing or occupying the receptors.

25
Q

Main types of neurotransmitters

A 
The Monoamine class
The Amino-acid class
26
Q

The Monoamine class:

A

Serotonin (5-HT)
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

27
Q

The Amino-acid class:

A

Glutamate (Excitatory)

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) (inhibitory)

28
Q

Serotonin

A

Also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
Influences information processing, behavior, mood and thoughts
Dysregulated serotonin may contribute to depression
Very low serotonin linked to instability and impulsivity

29
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Also called noradrenaline

Involved in alarm responses and basic bodily processes (e.g. breathing)

30
Q

Dopamine

A

Implicated in depression and ADHD
Link between excessive dopamine and schizophrenia
Link between reduced dopamine and Parkinson’s disease

31
Q

Glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter that “turns on” many different neurons.
It works in concert with GABA, its “chemical brother.”
Implicated in anxiety disorders

32
Q

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter
Reduces post-synaptic activity
Inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions (e.g., anxiety but also positive emoetions) and reduces overall levels of arousal, even relaxes muscles
Benzodiazepines make it easier for GABA to become attached to certain neurons (calmer)
Addictive properties of the benzos implicate other neurochemicals also being affected in conjunction with GABA

33
Q

More stimulating environments

A

promote neurodevelopment

34
Q

Learned helplessness

A

model of depression – Martin Silengnent

People learn no matter what they do wont affect their environment

35
Q

Social learning

A

Based on research of Albert Bandura

Modeling and observational learning: Learn to copy the behaviors that seem to turn out well for other people

36
Q

Prepared learning

A

It is easier to learn associations that would have been helpful to our ancestors
Example: Easier to acquire a fear of spiders because it was adaptive for our ancestors to fear (possibly poisonous) spiders

37
Q

Implicit memory

A

Acting on the basis of experiences that are not recalled
Participants are slowed down in their performance by words that have emotional significance, even if they are not aware of this

38
Q

Blind sight

A

Some people who are blind can still sense objects that would be in their visual field even if they do not experience sight

39
Q

Emotion has three important and overlapping components:

A

behavior, cognition, and physiology.

40
Q

Suppressing negative emotions

A

increases sympathetic nervous system activity

41
Q

Dysregulated emotions

A

are key features of many mental disorders

42
Q

Temperament

A

One’s characteristic style of relating to the world

43
Q

5 Dimensions of Personality (“The Big 5 Factors”)

A 
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
44
Q

Susto

A

symptoms of anxiety occurring when an individual believes (s)he has been struck by black magic

45
Q

Equifinality

A

the same outcome can be arrived at from different origins

46
Q

Multifinality

A

the same origin can end up at different outcomes

Abnormal Psychology (18 decks)

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