Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards
What type of tissues do herbs have? Annuals or perennials?
Primary, annuals
What type of tissues do woody plants have? Annuals or perennials?
both primary and secondary; perennials
What are the advantages of secondary growth?
-size which is beneficial for support and water conduction
-Seed production- many years and a number of seeds
What are the disadvantages of secondary growth?
Expensive defenses needed
How many times have the evolution of secondary growth occured?
Maybe 5
Where are xylem and phloem in stem?
between vascular bundles
What is the function of vascular cambium?
produces secondary xylem to inside; secondary phloem to outside
What happens as xylem is added to the inside?
Girth increases, forms radial rows, division of cells
Where are the xylem and phloem in roots?
sinuous between xylem and phloem
How does the production of vascular cells occur?
Cambial cell divides radially
What are the two types of conducting cells?
Tracheids and vessels
What plants are tracheids seen in? Vessels?
Vascular plants; angiosperms
What is the function of fibers?
Support and flexibility
Do hardwoods have few or many fibers? Softwoods?
Many; few
What is in the vertical system of wood structure? Horizontal system?
Conducting cells and fibers; rays, parenchyma and fibers, lateral transport
In a seasonal climate, when does wood production occur?
Summer
Early production of wood equals? Later?
Larger cells; smaller cells
When is wood dormant?
Winter
What shape does wood develop in?
Cone
What does the thickness of a ring indicate?
High Levels of Moisture and Temperature
What is older wood called? Uses?
Heart Wood; darker, secondary metabolites, protection, drier, structure
What is the younger part of wood called? Uses?
Sap wood; important for water transport
What are transport cells also called? Longevity?
Conduct for less than a year
Function of phloem rays?
Storage
Where do the oldest cells go?
Outside and sloughed off with bark
Where is the origin of cork cambium in the root? Stem?
Pericycle; cortex
Are cells dead at maturity in cork?
Yes
What do cork walls contain? Function?
Suberin; protection from desiccation and parasites
What are lateral branches?
Secondary tissues continuous with original stem
What type of growth do monocots have? Example?
Establishment growth; plam
Do monocots have secondary growth?
No
Features of establishment growth?
Larger trunk, lateral growth, woodiness is because of fibers
What do palms have at their base for support?
Roots
What is the general overview of photosynthesis?
Visible light converted to chemical energy
Equation? Reactants? Product? Byproducts?
See slide 2.
R: CO_2 and H_2O
P: Glucose
B: H_2O and O_2
What is the outer structure of a chloroplast?
Double outer membrane,
What is the inner membrane system of a chloroplast?
Thylakoids
What are grana?
Stacks of membrane sacs, chlorophyll, ETS
What are stroma?
Watery matrix around thylakoids
What is chlorophyll? Structure?
Light harvesting pigment; complex head with Mg molecule and nitrogen rings, phytol tail
What is the function of the phytol tail?
Anchors chlorophyll in granum membrane
How many forms of chlorophyll?
A-E
What includes white visible light?
ROYGBIV
What does red pigment absorb/transmit?
Absorbs purple and orange
Transmits red
What do pigments do?
Absorbs colors we don’t see
Transmits colors we do see
What does chlorophyll absorb and transmit?
Absorbs Blue and Red and Transmits Green
What are photosystems? Function?
Organized clusters of light harvesting pigment molecules; antenna, funnel energy to rxn center, energy passed to ETS
How many coupled rxns in photosynthesis? Names?
Light Dependent Rxns, Light Independent Rxns
Function of LIR? Where?
Stroma
Energy in ATP and NADPH
CO_2
Makes Sugars
Function of LDR? Where?
Grana
1. Generate ATP
2. Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Products of LDR?
ATP, NADPH, O_2
What is chemiosmosis?
Mechanism of ATP Formation
Steps of Chemiosmosis?
- Energy pumps H+ across membrane
- Creates charge across membrane
- ATP Synthase allows flow of H+
- H+ flow allows ATP Synthase to form ATP
Where does cyclic photophosphorylation occur? Forms?
PS I; ATP
LIR function?
Carbon fixation,
RUBISCO fixation
What is fluorescence?
Isolated chlorophyll, excess energy, absorbs light energy which releases red light and heat
