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Plant Life > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Shoot

A

includes the stem and leaf, sexual reproductive structures, above base of plant

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2
Q

Root

A

asexual reproduction, below base of plant

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3
Q

Proximal Position

A

towards base

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4
Q

Distal Position

A

away from base

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5
Q

Determinate Growth

A

in animals fixed growth it ends

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6
Q

Indeterminate Growth

A

plants keep growing (other than dormancy), life span much longer in plants

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7
Q

Primary Growth

A

length growth forms sexual organs

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8
Q

Secondary Growth

A

width used for structure and support, seen in woody plants

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9
Q

Apical Meristems Growth

A

primary growth is apical tips of shoots and roots

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10
Q

Lateral Meristems Growth

A

secondary growth lateral sides of stem and root

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11
Q

Three Parts of Seed

A

Seed Coat, Embryo, Food Storage

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12
Q

Seed Coat

A

derived from parental tissue

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13
Q

Stored Food

A

Endosperm

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14
Q

Exalbuminous

A

bean absorbed into cotyledons

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15
Q

Albuminous

A

corn endosperm separate and visible

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16
Q

Plumule

A

first leaves

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17
Q

Hypocotyl

A

stem between cotyledons and root

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18
Q

Radicle

A

embryonic root

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19
Q

Cotyledons

A

specialized leaves (two in beans)

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20
Q

Epicotyl

A

above cotyledons

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20
Q

Seed Germination Requirements

A

light-required by some seeds, oxygen, water-seed imbibes water and expands and bursts coat. temperature - ideal temp 25 C

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21
Q

Scarification, Examples?

A

opening coat, mechanical breaking, animals, fire, washout in streambed

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22
Q

What forms first?

A

Radicle

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23
Q

Epigeal

A

cotyledon forms above ground and drops off ie bean

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24
Q

Hypogeal

A

cotyledon forms below ground ie pea and corn

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25
Q

Monocots

A

some have coleozhiza and coleoptile

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25
Q

Apical meristem

A

few divisions, is a reserve

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26
Q

Taproot

A

primary root (radicle), grows downwards, lateral roots

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27
Q

Root Hair

A

extension of single epidermal cell

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27
Q

Fibrous Roots

A

primary root dies and roots grow from stem ex. Adventitious roots, grasses

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27
Q

Zone of Maturation

A

includes root hairs which are extensions of single epidermal cells

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28
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

primary meristems, cells elongate

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29
Q

Apical meristem/zone of cell division

A

produce cells for root and root cap

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30
Q

Protoderm

A

epidermal tissue

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31
Q

Root cap

A

primary protection to apical meristem, produces gel for lubrication, cells die from contact so constantly reformed

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31
Q

Ground meristem

A

cortex and endodermis

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31
Q

Provascular tissue/procambium

A

vascular tissue, xylem and phloem

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32
Q

Storage roots

A

not visible, more stable environment

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32
Q

Root hairs

A

no cuticle, can be route of infection for symbiotic bacteria

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32
Q

Origin of lateral roots

A

come from internal, initiated in pericycle, organizes into root structure, grows outward, digests tissue as it grows

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33
Q

Zone of maturation

A

includes root hairs-epidermal cell extensions and cortical cells- transfer nutrients and water to vascular tissue

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33
Q

Orchid roots

A

epiphytes- grow on other plants for support, roots covered with velamin (prevents water loss)

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34
Q

Pinnate

A

main veins arise from midvein

34
Q

Simple Leaf

A

One part

35
Q

Prop Roots

A

adventitious, support

36
Q

Compound leaf

A

lamina divided into leaflets

36
Q

Lobular

A

smooth

37
Q

Venation

A

xylem and phloem

37
Q

Palmate

A

main veins arise from one point

38
Q

Margin

A

edge

39
Q

Abscission structures

A

between leaf and stem, perpendicular to petiole

39
Q

Dentate

A

teeth

40
Q

Abscission process

A

either seasonally or continuously, hormonal changes and minerals shift to stems
leaf scar, cell walls weaken and become corky, leaf falls off and leaves scar

41
Q

Epidermis

A

transparent, contains stomata- controlled openings for gas exchange, typically on lower surface

41
Q

Stomata

A

2 guard cells, subsidiary cells, stoma in between guard cells, gas exchange open when turgid, flaccid stoma closes

42
Q

Hairs

A

trichomes, reduce air movement which reduces water loss, shade, protection from predators

42
Q

Cuticle

A

covers surface of plant, prevents water loss and protection from fungi and bacteria

43
Q

Mesophyll

A

interior ground tissue and photosynthetic

44
Q

Spongy

A

lower surface, loose order

44
Q

Palisade

A

upper surface, cells elongate

44
Q

Vascular bundles

A

contains xylem and phloem, surrounded by parenchyma= bundle sheath

45
Q

Xylem

A

Water transport

45
Q

Phloem

A

Sugar transport

45
Q

Leaf Development

A

initiated at stem tip, leaf primordium develops into leaf (is a small cone of cells), lamina expands through diffuse meristematic growth, stops growing when reaches maturity

46
Q

Adaxial

A

toward the stem

46
Q

Abaxial

A

away from the stem

47
Q

Succulent leaves

A

leaves thick leaves for water storage

47
Q

Conifers

A

awls, needles, scales, adapted for drier and colder environment

48
Q

Hydrophytes

A

air pockets, little cuticle

49
Q

Bud scales

A

protect apex

50
Q

Tendrils

A

support

51
Q

Spines

A

protection

52
Q

Insect traps

A

absorb only mineral nutrients

53
Q

Bracts

A

attracts pollinators

54
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

plantlets ex. Kalanchoe

55
Q

Stem Functions

A

support leaves, photosynthesis ie cactus, storage (water, minerals, carbs), transport (water, minerals, sugars)

56
Q

Nodes

A

point of attachment on stem

57
Q

Internodes

A

spaces between nodes, grow and spread leaves apart

58
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

important positioning of leaves to maximize photosynthesis

59
Q

Opposite

A

together (2 at node)

59
Q

Alternate

A

not connected (one leaf at node)

60
Q

Whorled

A

three or more leaves attached at one node

61
Q

Desscuate

A

(2 nodes 90 degrees)

62
Q

Spiraled

A

one leaf per node not neighboring

63
Q

Fibonacci Series

A

add numbers next to each other

64
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer

65
Q

Cortex

A

parenchyma(used for storage and transport)

66
Q

Vascular bundles

A

near center of stem, xylem inside, phloem outside

67
Q

Pith

A

center

68
Q

Primary stem Growth

A

length, shoot apical meristem, after new cells form they elongate pushing up apical meristem

69
Q

Primary meristems

A

protoderm-epidermis
provascular tissue-xylem and phloem ground meristem- pith and cortex

70
Q

Dichotomous

A

equal division

70
Q

Age of twig

A

bud scars indicate growth

71
Q

Lateral branches

A

main axis with side branching, can be modified into thorns (sclerenchyma and sharp for protection)

72
Q

Tree

A

main axes with side branches, very tall

73
Q

Shrub

A

many smaller branches, short

74
Q

Vine

A

long flexible internodes

75
Q

Stolon

A

long ,along surface of ground, ie strawberries

76
Q

Rosette

A

very short stems, flowering stem may be longer

77
Q

Bulb

A

short stem with fleshy leaves

78
Q

Tuber

A

underground, storage

78
Q

Corm

A

short stem with papery leaves

79
Q

Spines

A

modified leaves

79
Q

Rhizome

A

elongated stem

80
Q

Thorns

A

modified stems/branches

81
Q

Prickles

A

epidermal emergences-rose

Plant Life (8 decks)

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