Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Shoot
includes the stem and leaf, sexual reproductive structures, above base of plant
Root
asexual reproduction, below base of plant
Proximal Position
towards base
Distal Position
away from base
Determinate Growth
in animals fixed growth it ends
Indeterminate Growth
plants keep growing (other than dormancy), life span much longer in plants
Primary Growth
length growth forms sexual organs
Secondary Growth
width used for structure and support, seen in woody plants
Apical Meristems Growth
primary growth is apical tips of shoots and roots
Lateral Meristems Growth
secondary growth lateral sides of stem and root
Three Parts of Seed
Seed Coat, Embryo, Food Storage
Seed Coat
derived from parental tissue
Stored Food
Endosperm
Exalbuminous
bean absorbed into cotyledons
Albuminous
corn endosperm separate and visible
Plumule
first leaves
Hypocotyl
stem between cotyledons and root
Radicle
embryonic root
Cotyledons
specialized leaves (two in beans)
Epicotyl
above cotyledons
Seed Germination Requirements
light-required by some seeds, oxygen, water-seed imbibes water and expands and bursts coat. temperature - ideal temp 25 C
Scarification, Examples?
opening coat, mechanical breaking, animals, fire, washout in streambed
What forms first?
Radicle
Epigeal
cotyledon forms above ground and drops off ie bean
Hypogeal
cotyledon forms below ground ie pea and corn
Monocots
some have coleozhiza and coleoptile
Apical meristem
few divisions, is a reserve
Taproot
primary root (radicle), grows downwards, lateral roots
Root Hair
extension of single epidermal cell
Fibrous Roots
primary root dies and roots grow from stem ex. Adventitious roots, grasses
Zone of Maturation
includes root hairs which are extensions of single epidermal cells
Zone of Elongation
primary meristems, cells elongate
Apical meristem/zone of cell division
produce cells for root and root cap
Protoderm
epidermal tissue
Root cap
primary protection to apical meristem, produces gel for lubrication, cells die from contact so constantly reformed
Ground meristem
cortex and endodermis
Provascular tissue/procambium
vascular tissue, xylem and phloem
Storage roots
not visible, more stable environment
Root hairs
no cuticle, can be route of infection for symbiotic bacteria
Origin of lateral roots
come from internal, initiated in pericycle, organizes into root structure, grows outward, digests tissue as it grows
Zone of maturation
includes root hairs-epidermal cell extensions and cortical cells- transfer nutrients and water to vascular tissue
Orchid roots
epiphytes- grow on other plants for support, roots covered with velamin (prevents water loss)
Pinnate
main veins arise from midvein
Simple Leaf
One part
Prop Roots
adventitious, support
Compound leaf
lamina divided into leaflets
Lobular
smooth
Venation
xylem and phloem
Palmate
main veins arise from one point
Margin
edge
Abscission structures
between leaf and stem, perpendicular to petiole
Dentate
teeth
Abscission process
either seasonally or continuously, hormonal changes and minerals shift to stems
leaf scar, cell walls weaken and become corky, leaf falls off and leaves scar
Epidermis
transparent, contains stomata- controlled openings for gas exchange, typically on lower surface
Stomata
2 guard cells, subsidiary cells, stoma in between guard cells, gas exchange open when turgid, flaccid stoma closes
Hairs
trichomes, reduce air movement which reduces water loss, shade, protection from predators
Cuticle
covers surface of plant, prevents water loss and protection from fungi and bacteria
Mesophyll
interior ground tissue and photosynthetic
Spongy
lower surface, loose order
Palisade
upper surface, cells elongate
Vascular bundles
contains xylem and phloem, surrounded by parenchyma= bundle sheath
Xylem
Water transport
Phloem
Sugar transport
Leaf Development
initiated at stem tip, leaf primordium develops into leaf (is a small cone of cells), lamina expands through diffuse meristematic growth, stops growing when reaches maturity
Adaxial
toward the stem
Abaxial
away from the stem
Succulent leaves
leaves thick leaves for water storage
Conifers
awls, needles, scales, adapted for drier and colder environment
Hydrophytes
air pockets, little cuticle
Bud scales
protect apex
Tendrils
support
Spines
protection
Insect traps
absorb only mineral nutrients
Bracts
attracts pollinators
Asexual Reproduction
plantlets ex. Kalanchoe
Stem Functions
support leaves, photosynthesis ie cactus, storage (water, minerals, carbs), transport (water, minerals, sugars)
Nodes
point of attachment on stem
Internodes
spaces between nodes, grow and spread leaves apart
Phyllotaxy
important positioning of leaves to maximize photosynthesis
Opposite
together (2 at node)
Alternate
not connected (one leaf at node)
Whorled
three or more leaves attached at one node
Desscuate
(2 nodes 90 degrees)
Spiraled
one leaf per node not neighboring
Fibonacci Series
add numbers next to each other
Epidermis
outermost layer
Cortex
parenchyma(used for storage and transport)
Vascular bundles
near center of stem, xylem inside, phloem outside
Pith
center
Primary stem Growth
length, shoot apical meristem, after new cells form they elongate pushing up apical meristem
Primary meristems
protoderm-epidermis
provascular tissue-xylem and phloem ground meristem- pith and cortex
Dichotomous
equal division
Age of twig
bud scars indicate growth
Lateral branches
main axis with side branching, can be modified into thorns (sclerenchyma and sharp for protection)
Tree
main axes with side branches, very tall
Shrub
many smaller branches, short
Vine
long flexible internodes
Stolon
long ,along surface of ground, ie strawberries
Rosette
very short stems, flowering stem may be longer
Bulb
short stem with fleshy leaves
Tuber
underground, storage
Corm
short stem with papery leaves
Spines
modified leaves
Rhizome
elongated stem
Thorns
modified stems/branches
Prickles
epidermal emergences-rose
