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Plant Life > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Herbs

A

primary only, annuals

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2
Q

Woody

A

primary and secondary and perennials

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3
Q

Advantages of Woody Growth

A

Size, support, water conduction, seed production

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4
Q

Disadvantages of Woody Growth

A

Expensive defenses needed

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5
Q

Osmosis

A

net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

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6
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower solute conc

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7
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher solute conc

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8
Q

net direction of water movement

A

hypo—> hyper

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9
Q

isotonic movement

A

none

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10
Q

If cell is surrounded by hypotonic solution, then cell —- water

A

gains

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11
Q

If cell is surrounded by hypertonic solution, then cell —- water

A

loses

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12
Q

xylem tissues?

A

tracheids and vessels, water

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13
Q

phloem tissues?

A

sieve tubes and sieve tube elements, sugars

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14
Q

Cohesion-Tension Theory?

A

evaporation of water from leaves creates a water deficit that pulls water through xylem

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15
Q

TACT?

A

transpiration, adhesion, cohesion, tension

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16
Q

Transpiration?

A

evaporation of water from leaf through stomata

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17
Q

Stomata - structure and function:

A

epidermal structures – controllable openings – allows CO2 to diffuse in; O2, H2O diffuse out – closed at night and when dry

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17
Q

Be able to describe the movement of water from soil to air thorough the plant

A
  • transpiration ® water deficit in leaf – creates tension in leaf tissues * tension pulls water from leaf xylem by adhesion/cohesion * leaf xylem pulls water from stem xylem * stem xylem pulls water from root xylem * root xylem pulls water from root tissues and soil
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17
Q

Know the evidence that supports the TACT theory

A
  • xylem under inward pressure – requires thicker cell wall to prevent collapse
  • air embolism-air in xylem breaks water chain permanently
  • flowers with bases cut underwater last longer – Prevents air from entering xylem
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17
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O ————-> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

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17
Q

What is the role of visible light?

A

It is what is converted to chemical energy, absorbed by chlorophyll (blue and red)

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17
Q

What is the role of CO2?

A

Oxygens from CO_2 go to sugar and water

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18
Q

What is the role of H2O?

A

Form O_2 gas

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18
Q

Photosynthesis R, P, B?

A

R: CO_2, H_2O
P: Glucose
B: O_2, H_2O

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19
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll? How does it work?

A

It is a light-harvesting pigment that absorbs red and blue light and transmits green light.

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20
Q

What kinds of chlorophyll are found in plants? How does their absorption differ?

A

5 forms, A-E, absorb different wavelengths

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21
Q

What is the role of carotenoid?

A

Light protection

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22
Q

Know the structure of the chloroplast and roles of each structure.

A

Double outer membrane, thylakoids is the inner membrane system, stroma is the watery matrix around thylakoids

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23
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur?

A

Grana

24
Q

Know the structure of the photosystems and how they function.

A

Organized clusters of light harvesting pigment molecules, chlorophyll a and b and cartenoids

Functions include antenna, funnel energy to rxn center, energy passed to ETS

25
Q

What is the role of chemiosmosis? How does it work? Why are thylakoids important in this process?

A

Mechanisms of atp formation, energy pumps H+ across membrane, creates a charge which allows for flow of H+, this leads to formation of ATP, thylakoids are where this occurs

26
Q

What are the products and by-products of the light-dependent reactions?

A

P: ATP, NADPH
B: O_2

27
Q

What products of the light-dependent reactions are used in the light-independent reactions?

A
28
Q

Where do the light-independent reactions occur?

A

Stroma

29
Q

List the three phases of the light-independent reactions.

A

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration

30
Q

Describe what occurs in the three phases of the light independent reactions.

A

Carbon Fixation: CO_2 is used to make organic compounds
Reduction: ATP→ ADP, NADPH—-> NADP+
Regeneration: RUBP regenerated, allows cycle to continue

31
Q

What is Rubisco? Why is it important?

A

Enzyme that mediates CO_2 fixation to 5C RUBP, most abundant enzyme on earth

32
Q

What is the product of the light-independent reactions?

A

Glucose

33
Q

Why are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions considered to be coupled?

A

The ATP and NADPH from the dependent rxn are required for independent rxns to continue.

34
Q

What factors influence the light-independent reactions?

A

CO_2 concentration and temperature

35
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

RUBP has a greater affinity for O_2 than CO_2 at low CO_2 concentrations and under high heat/light conditions rapid photosynthesis occurs, so RUBP uses O_2 instead of CO_2 which leads to C loss

36
Q

What is energy?

A

Is the ability to do work

37
Q

List and describe the three main types of photosynthesis, C-3, C-4 and CAM, including any structural differences any of these may have.

A

MODERATE ENVIRONMENTS C-3: bean, no defense against photorespiration, more efficient bc less ATP needed
HIGH LIGHT/HEAT C-4: Can overcome photorespiration, increases CO_2 concentration, 4-C compound, corn, high light/heat, defense against photorespiration, rapid photosynthesis, requires more ATP
DRY/HOT CAM: conserves water, desert plant, stomata open at night, CO_2—> malic acid, stomata close during day to conserve water loss, in the daytime malic acid releases CO_2 starts up photosynthesis

38
Q

What is the importance of ATP?

A

The bond between last 2 phosphates is easily broken and releases energy to do work, it is the energy currency of the cell, stores energy for immediate cellular work

39
Q

What is the importance of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Stored for immediate use of energy

40
Q

Describe aerobic cellular respiration.

A

Involves H_2O and CO_2, 34 ATP are made from cellular respiration, occurs in mitochondria, chemiosmosis ATP formation, requires O_2

41
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Occurs without O_2, no ATP formed (just 2 from glycolysis), uses CO_2 and 2C Ethyl alcohol, examples are yeasts and plants

42
Q

How do aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation compare?

A

No production of ATP in alcoholic fermentation, no O_2 in alcoholic fermentation, both use CO_2

43
Q

How do ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation compare?

A

Both no ATP made, occurs in absence of oxygen, lactate is in animals, alcohol plants, yeast

44
Q

How many ATP are produced by aerobic respiration? Fermentation?

A

36 aerobic, 2 fermentation

45
Q

What are plant hormones?

A

Plant growth regulators, at low concentrations, 5 main hormones

46
Q

What is lactic acid production? Why does it occur?

A

Works in addition to aerobic respiration in animals, O_2 deficit

47
Q

Describe and give the significance of the Darwin and Darwin and the Boysen-Jensen experiments.

A

Identified the located where auxin is located tip to basal regions of stem

48
Q

Describe and give the significance of the agar-block experiments.

A

Directly isolates auxin as hormone responsible for phototropism, blocks with no chemical have no effect versus resin with chemical (stimulated growth and curved shape).

49
Q

What is the importance of cell elongation caused by auxin?

A

Causes cell to release acid into wall, softens wall which allows for cell expansion

50
Q

What are tropisms? How is auxin involved? Know how phototropism and geotropism occur in plants.

A

They are a directional response to stimuli, there is an inhibition of auxin on lighted side of plant in phototropism, phototropism is the response to directional light, geotropism is the response to gravity, auxin is produced in the stem apex, this causes the roots to grow in the direction of the force of gravity

51
Q

How does auxin cause apical dominance?

A

The production of auxin by the stem apex suppresses lateral bud growth, therefore the main stem is the largest element and there are smaller side branches

52
Q

What is the role of auxin in fruit maturation?

A

The seeds in fruit produce IAA to trigger maturation, also prevents early abscission

53
Q

What are the roles of cytokinins?

A

Stimulate cell division, bud activation, fruit and embryo development, prevents leaf senescence

54
Q

Where do cytokinins originate in the spring and what affect does this have on the plant?

A

In spring they are transported from the roots to shoot, dormant buds activate

55
Q

What are the roles of gibberellins?

A

Flowering, juvenile to adult conversion, pollen tube growth, stem elongation, seed germination

56
Q

What can happen if a plant is deficient in gibberellin?

A

Suppress stem elongation

57
Q

What is unique about ethylene?

A

It is the only gaseous growth regulator

58
Q

How is it produced?

A

Produced by damaged or dying tissue

59
Q

What are its effects?

A

Speeds ripening/spoilage, spreads to other fruits, one bad apple, touch activates growth response (shaking effect)

60
Q

What is the role of abscissic acid?

A

Initiation of dormancy, resistance to stress conditions, stomatal closure, control mechanism

61
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

It include phytochrome which essentially detects absence or presence of light

62
Q

What is phytochrome?

A

Two forms, far-red (active form), red (inactive form)

63
Q

How does phytochrome influence flowering?

A

For short day plants, Pfr present at dawn inhibits flowering, long day plants, Pfr present at dawn induces flowering

64
Q

What other effects does phytochrome influence?

A

Inhibits stem elongation, seed germination, spore germination in lycopods

65
Q

What is florigen?

A

Induces a cascade of genes to induce flowering Produced in leaf and transported to SA

66
Q

How do we know that florigen exists?

A

It is a mobile transcription factor

Plant Life (8 decks)

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