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plant life > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction is distal?

A

Away from the base/attachment

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2
Q

What direction is proximal?

A

Towards the base/attachment

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3
Q

What is primary growth? Adds what? What plants?

A

Length, adds new organs, all plants

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4
Q

What is secondary growth? Adds? What plants?

A

Girth, tissue and strength, woody plants

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5
Q

What are meristems?

A

Areas of active cell division

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6
Q

Primary growth type of meristem? Where?

A

Apical; tips of shoots and roots

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7
Q

Secondary growth type of meristem?

A

Lateral; sides of stem and root

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8
Q

Meristems are permanently what?

A

embryonic tissues

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9
Q

What type of organization are plants under?

A

modular

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10
Q

What is modular organization?

A

ability to continually develop new organs and tissues

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11
Q

What types of growth do plants have?

A

Indeterminate

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12
Q

Where does an ovule develop? What does it contain? When fertilized, it become what?

A

ovary of carpel; egg; seed

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13
Q

What happens when the zygote divides?

A

Embryo forms

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14
Q

What is the embryonic shoot?

A

small bud with first foliage leaves

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15
Q

What are cotyledons a part of? Function?

A

Embryo, storage of nutrients

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16
Q

What is the radicle?

A

embryonic root

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17
Q

What is the plumule?

A

Embryonic shoot with first leaves

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18
Q

Three parts of seeds?

A

Seed coat, embryo, stored food

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19
Q

What is the seed coat derived from?

A

parental tissue

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20
Q

What is the hypocotyl? Epicotyl?

A

stem between cotyledons and root; above cotyledons

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21
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

specialized leaves

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22
Q

What is the stored food called? Is it always seen?

A

Endosperms, no stored in cotyledons

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23
Q

Requirements for seed germination? (4)

A

Water, temperature, light, oxygen

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24
Q

What is the function of water?

A

seed imbibes water, expands and bursts coat

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25
Q

Ideal temperature for germination?

A

25 C

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26
Q

Is light required by all seeds?

A

NO

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27
Q

Examples of scarification?

A
  1. External mechanical breaking of seed coat
  2. Fire
  3. Animals
  4. Washout in streambed
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28
Q

Two other examples of requirement?

A

Cold period, Water to leach out inhibitors

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29
Q

What emerges first during seedling development?

A

radicle emerges first

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30
Q

What is epigeal? Example?

A

hypocotyl emerges, pulls
cotyledons from ground, cotyledons unfold,
epicotyl grows, cotyledons drop off

Beans

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31
Q

What is hypogeal?

A

cotyledons remain
underground

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32
Q

What are functions of roots?

A
  1. Anchorage
  2. Absorption and conduction of water and minerals
  3. Production of hormones
  4. Storage
  5. Asexual Repro
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33
Q

What is the radicle?

A

Primary roots

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34
Q

What is a taproot system? Primary lives or dies?

A

× grows downward
× numerous lateral
roots, which may
also branch

Lives

35
Q

What is a fibrous root? Primary lives or dies?
Types of plants?

A

× adventitious roots
*form from stem
× branch roots

Dies

Monocots, grasses

36
Q

Functions of root cap? Cells secrete what?

A

Protect apical meristem, mucigel that lubricates, provide food for bacteria and fungi

37
Q

How do cells divide on root cap?

A

toward tip and root cap

38
Q

What happens to cells on root cap?

A

Destroyed, constantly replaced

39
Q

Function of root apical meristem?

A

Produces cells for root and root cap

40
Q

What is the zone of elongation? Where?

A

Cells elongated, behind apical meristem

40
Q

What is the quiescent center?

A

central area, few divisions, a reserve

41
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems?

A

protoderm, provascular tissue, ground meristem

42
Q

Protoderm type of tissue?

A

epidermis

42
Q

What zone is the region of maturation?

A

root hair zone

43
Q

Ground meristem tissues?

A

Cortex and endodermis

44
Q

Provascular tissue type of tissue? Two structures?

A

vascular tissue; xylem and phloem

45
Q

What direction do root hairs grow? Extensions of what?

A

Outward; epidermal cell

45
Q

What are mature tissues?

A

Lateral roots

46
Q

Appearance and function of cortical cells?

A

Elongate, transfer nutrients and water to vascular tissue

47
Q

What is the rhizosphere? Interactions?

A

Region around root; fungi and bacteria

47
Q
A
47
Q
A
47
Q

Process of origin of lateral roots? Internal external? Initiated where? Organizes into what? Growth direction?

A

Internal; Internal; pericycle, root structure, grows outward

47
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

innermost layer of the cortex

47
Q

What is the casperian strip? Function?

A

Cells impregnated with suberin in donut shape, forms barrier between cortex and vascular tissue

48
Q

Characteristics of storage roots?

A

not visible, more stable

48
Q

What are contractile roots? Function?

A

Shortens root, pulls stem into ground, maintain stem at proper depth

48
Q

How do xylem and phloem extend?

A

Alternate radii

49
Q

Benefits of fungi and bacteria?

A

× Reduce effects of pathogens
× Increase uptake of nutrients and water by plant
× Receive nutrients from plant

49
Q

What are prop roots? Function?

A

Adventitious, support

50
Q

How do fungi and bacteria acquire nutrients from rhizosphere?

A

Sloughed off dead root cells and secretions

50
Q

What does velamin contain? Function?

A

layer of dead cells, prevents water loss

50
Q

What are orchid aerial roots? Roots covered with what? Type of plants?

A

Grow on other plants for support, velamin, epiphyte

50
Q

Percentage of plants with mycorrizhae?

A

more than 80%

50
Q

What are parasitic roots? Mechanism?Function? Example?

A

Secrete adhesive, grow into host plant, contact xylem and phloem connection, mistletoe

51
Q

Plant is a source of what for fungus?

A

Carbs

51
Q
A
51
Q

Nitrogen fixation mostly completed by what type of plant?

A

Legumes

52
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q

Nitrogen fixation process?

A

× bacteria enter root at root hair
× bacterial cells induce cortex to form nodule
× nodule excludes oxygen gas - N-fixation is anaerobic

52
Q
A
53
Q
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53
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54
Q
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55
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56
Q
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57
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58
Q
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59
Q
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plant life (8 decks)

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