Exam 1 Flashcards
What is plant blindness?
Our world places little value on plants and are often overshadowed. BUT they are all around us.
Do plants provide most of our food?
YES! Examples include wheat, apples, and celery.
T/F: Plants provide beverages and oils.
YES! Olive oil and wine to name two.
T/F: Plants can’t preserve foods.
They can!
How do plants preserve foods?
Through their antibacterial qualities.
Can plants kill you? Example if so?
Yes, poison hemlock
What percentage of plants are derived from plants?
40%
Examples of plants used in medicines?
Opium poppy, foxglove
What are two plants that provide us clothing and fiber?
Flax and cotton
Example of plants for construction and fuel?
Wood, coal
Can plants move? Example?
YES! Venus Flytrap
How do plants make their own food?
Photosynthesis
How do plants add to our aesthetics?
Landscaping and house plants
What plants have had an infamous past and where?
Cotton in the Americas and sugar cane in the Caribbean
Why are two reasons we would die without plants?
Oxygen, base of food chain
What are the origins of the Christmas tree? Common species?
Pagan, pine or fir
Holly origins? Use?
Northern Europe, pagan, ward off evil spirits
What is mistletoe? Classic use?
hemiparasite, attaches to trees, kissing under mistetoe
Poinsettia origin?
Mexico
Frankincense origin? What is it? Uses? Value?
Red sea, resin from bark, incense, more valuable than gold
Myrrh origin? What is it? Uses?
Horn of Africa and Arabia, Resin, perfumes, incense, embalming, medicine
What is the oil of Hanukkah made out of? Use?
Olive oil, burning
Where was CC from?
Italy
What were his professions? (2)
Navigator and sailor
Who supported his western route and why?
Spain because they also believed world was round could reach Asia westward
What did CC want from Asia?
Spices
Use of spices?
Food preservation
What happened instead of discovering Asia?
Discovered Americas in 1492
What did this discovery cause?
European immigration and exploration, eventually Columbian Exchange
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Movement of plants, animals, and diseases from Old World to New World, redistribution of organisms
Where is sugarcane from?
Polynesia
Where did CC take sugar cane to?
Bahamas
Did sugar cane grow well in Bahamas?
Yes, very well
What happened to native peoples in Bahamas?
Enslaved and Went extinct
How did plantation owners fix this problem?
Sent over African slaves
What is the infamous triangle?
Transfer or sugar cane, rum, and slaves
Two steps in sugar cane harvesting
burning and crushing
Did many slaves die?
Yes 1 per 1 ton of sugar cane in 1700s and 1 per 2 tons of sugar cane in 1800s
What did these deaths influence the debate of?
Declaration of Independence
Did sugar not made by slaves eventually become more valuable?
Yes
What happened when an expedition set out to find Breadfruit for slaves?
Lt Bligh and a few men mutinied off ship, survived though
What are the two types of names given to plants?
Common names/Scientific Names
What does latinized mean?
italics or underlined
How many parts are in a scientific name?
2
What are the two parts of a binomial system?
Genus, specific epithet
How should you write a scientific name?
Genus capitalized, specific epithet lowercase italics
Who taught Theophrastus and what did he do?
Student of Aristotle and Plato, named over 500 plants
What did Linnaeus do?
Classified all known plants and animals, created binomial system, taxonomic hierarchy, and divided plants by repro structure
What is the L. in the scientific name?
Authority
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Kingdom, phylum, plant, order, family, genus, species
What are the three superkingdoms or domains?
archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes
What are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes?
Fungi, protists, animals, plants
Example of Archaea?
Methanogen bacteria
Protists uni or multicellular? Plants? Animals? Fungi?
BOTH, rest multicellular
Example of Eubacteria?
Bluegreen algae
Eubacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Archaea? Uni or multicellular?
Prokaryotes, Unicellular
What are cladistics a tool for?
tool for determining relationships, based on shared derived characteristics
What is a character state?
value or form of a character
What is primitive?
ancestral
What is derived?
advanced
What is a cladogram?
treelike diagram of descent
What does a node represent?
divergence between two lines of evolution
What does a branch represent?
Common ancestor
What is a herbarium?
Collections of preserved plants and fungi?
What uses do preserved plants have?
Taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity, DNA, medicinals
What type of group is algae?
Polyphyletic
Example of red algae?
Rhodophyta
Example of brown algae?
Chromophyta
Example of Green algae?
chlorophyta
Group fungi?
Polyphyletic
What does heterotrophic mean?
Feeds on organic matter
Example of zygomycota?
black bread molds
Example of ascomycota?
Cup fungi
Example of basidiomycota?
club fungi
Are bryophytes polyphyletic?
NO
Example of byrophytes?
Mosses
Example of hepaticophyta?
Liverworts
Example of Anthocerophyta?
Hornworts
Are ferns polyphyletic?
NO
Example of Lycophyta?
Lycopods
Example of polypodiophyta?
Ferns
Example of equisetophyta?
Horsetails
Example of psilotophyta?
Whisk ferns
Example of pinophyta?
conifers
Are gymnosperms polyphyletic?
Yes
Example of cycadophyta?
cycads
Example of gnetophyta?
ephedra
Example of ginkgophyta?
gingko
Are angiosperms polyphyletic?
No, monophyletic
Largest group of plants?
Angiosperms?
Most recent group?
Angiosperms
Most successful plant group?
Angiosperms
Flowering plant group?
Angiosperm
Two major groups of angiosperms? smaller group?
monocots, eudicots; basal angiosperms
Characteristics of basal angiosperms?
both monocots and eudicots, primitive features
Family of Poaceae? Araceae? Orchidaceae? Liliaceae?
grass, palm, orchid, lily
Family of ranunculaceae?
buttercup
Family of lamiaceae?
mint
Examples of solanaceae?
nightshade, tobacco, potato, tomato
family of rosaceae? examples?
rose; apple, rose
Genetic field involves?
heredity
Systematics involves?
evolutionary relationships
Cytology involves?
cellular structure and interactions
Anatomy involves?
internal plant structure
Morphology involves?
External plant structure
Ecology involves?
Environmental interactions
Plant physiology involves?
Plant function
Pathology involves?
Plant diseases
What is ethnobotany?
how indigenous pops make use of plants
What is economic botany?
relationship between people and plants
What is phytosociology?
communities and the relationships between species of plants
What is biometeorology?
a newish subfield that relates plants with environment
What is plant ecology?
ecology of vascular plants on land and in wetland ecosystems
What is phycology?
algae
What is horticulture?
Cultivating plants
What is agronomy?
soil management and study as it relates to crop management
What is paleobotany?
fossils
What is plant taxonomy?
categorizing plant species using DNA analysis
What is paleoclimatology?
how plants have contributed to the atmosphere through history, how plants are historical indicators of climate
What is palynology?
forensic botany
What is bryology?
mosses and liverworts
What is dendrology?
woody plants
What is lichenology?
lichens
What is pteridology?
ferns and fern allies
What is xyology?
study of structure of wood
What is forensic botany?
using plants in legal, criminal investigations
What is biotechnology?
genetic mods of living organisms to produce useful products
What is the universe composed of?
Matter and energy
Characteristics of matter?
occupies space and has mass
composed of elements
What is in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons, neutrons
What orbits nucleus?
Electrons
What defines elements?
Number of protons
Electrons interact to form what?
Chemical bonds
What are compounds?
2 or more atoms connected by electron interactions
What do organic compounds contain?
carbon
What is the backbone of organic molecules? How many bonds?
C, 4
What is a polymer?
Chains of repeating identical or similar molecular subunits
What is synthesis?
forms polymers from monomers
What is hydrolysis?
breaks down polymers to monomers, aids in digestion
What are carbs?
sugar
Carbs composed of? Ratio? Suffix?
C, H, O; CH_2O; -ose
What is a monosaccharide? Example?
simple sugar, fructose
What is a disaccharide? Example?
Two sugar molecules bonded, sucrose
What are polysaccharides? Example? Polymers of what?
Complex carbs, starch, monosaccharaides
Functions of carbs?
Energy, Storage, Structure
Starches are made of what type of polymer?
glucose
Inulin is made of what type of polymer?
Fructose
3 types of carb structure?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
What are hemicelluloses?
gluey, bind microfibrils
What are pectins? Example?
Galacturonic acid polymer
jelly
Agar
Lipid composed of?
C, H, O
Lipid function?
energy source and storage
What are triglycerides?
neutral fats
Are fats saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?
Saturated, solid at room temp
Are oils saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?
unsaturated, liquid at room temp
fatty acids and glycerol are connected by what?
Esther linkages
What makes saturated fats?
no double bonds, straight chain, solid at RT
What makes unsaturated fats?
One or more double bonds
Bend in chain
liquid at RT
What is significant about a trans fatty acid?
Does not bend but has double bond, acts like saturated fat
What are phospholipids and what are they composed of?
major structural units of cell membranes; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
What are steroids?
complex molecules consisting of rings of C atoms
Functions of steroids?
membrane structure, hormones
Look over basic steroid structure *******
_______________________
Name 4 functions of proteins.
Structure, storage of energy, contraction (muscle), enzymes
What is protein a polymer of?
amino acids
Protein composition?
C, H, O, N, S
Two groups of proteins?
amino group, carboxyl group
What is the r group?
variable group, defines properties of each amino acid
How many proteins in living things?
20
Two types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
DNA function?
information storage, nucleus of cell
RNA function?
information processing
What does the order of bases convey?
genetic information
4 types of bases?
A, T, C, G
Information flow?
DNA–copied–> RNA —read–> protein
What is secondary metabolism?
metabolism of chemicals that occur irregularly or rarely among plants
What are groupings of compounds based on?
structural similarities
biosynthetic pathways
kinds of plants that make them
What do secondary metabolites often occur with?
one or more sugars
3 functions of secondary metabolites?
protein and defense, chemical attractants, plant-plant competition,
How does protection work in secondary metabolites?
herbivory and microbial pathology
What do chemical attractants do?
attract pollinators and seed dispersers
How does Plant-plant competition work?
Allelopathy, growth inhibitors
What element do alkaloids contain?
N
What is the largest class of secondary metabolites?
Alkaloids
Examples of plants with alkaloids?
Pea, sunflower, poppy
What is coniine?
nerve toxin, poison hemlock
What is strychnine?
nerve stimulant and convulsant; from strychnine tree
What is tomatine?
Antiherbivore in tomatoes
What is tubocurarine?
Arrow poison, muscle relaxant, curare tree
Morphine?
painkiller, opium poppy
Codeine?
cough suppressant, opium poppy
What is quinine?
Malaria treatment, quinine tree
What is vincristine?
Leukemia treatment, Madagascar periwinkle
Atropine?
Dilate pupil of the eye and antinerve gas agent, belladonna
What is caffeine?
stimulant, coffee and tea
Cocaine?
Anesthetic, coca plant
What are polymers composed of?
dimers and polymers of 5-C isoprene units (C_5H_8)
What are monoterpenes? Examples?
2 isoprene units; essential oils
Isoprenes often what? What does this cause?
evaporate; haze
Diterpenes units? Tri?
4, 6
What are sterols? Used in?
triterpenes, membrane structure
Carotenoids units? Pigments?
8 units, yellow and red
Rubber units?
6000 units
What is the milky fluid in plants?
Latex
What role does abscissic have? Units?
plant hormone, 3
Gibberellins? Type of terpene?
plant hormone, diterpene
Menthol use? Plant?
cough medicines, mints and eucalyptus
Camphor use? Plant?
Disinfectant, camphor tree
Nepetalactone use?
Catnip, attractive to cats
Smilagenine use? Plant?
steroidal glycoside, sarsaparilla
Taxol use? Plant?
Anticancer agent, Pacific Yew tree
Lycopene pigment? Plant?
Red, tomatoes
Digitalin use? Plant?
Heart medicine, foxglove
Oleandrin use? Plant?
Heart poison, oleander
Phenolic composition?
fully unsaturated 6-C ring linked to O
Examples of simple phenolics?
single ring with simple side groups
salicylic acid
What is the name of complex phenolics with a 3-C side chain
phenylpropanoids
What does phenyl mean? prop?
ring, 3
What two amino acids are formed with phenolics?
Tyrosine and phenylalanine
What is flavor on nutmeg called?
myristicin
What are flavonoids?
Phenylpropanoids condensed into complex 3-ringed structures
What are anthocyanins?
Red and blue pigments of some flowers
What are flavonoids thought to lower?
cholesterol
What are tannins? Use in plants? Sequestered where?Wine?
polymers of flavonoids, deterrent to herbivores, sequestered in vacuole, dryness
Lignin what? Use?
polymer of phenylpropanoids, secondary cell wall, wood
What is salicin?
folk medicine for headaches
What is cyanidine glucoside? Example?
deep red pigment, mums
What is limonin? Example?
bitter flavor, grapefruit
What family are mustard oil glycosides in?
Mustard family
What family are nonprotein amino acids in?
Legume family
Example of plant with cyanogenic glycosides?
apples
What is the function of glycoside stored in the vacuole?
release cyanide when hydrolyzed when cell destroyed
Who identified cells? How?
Robert Hooke, cork cells
Who established cell theory? What was it?
Schwann and Schleiden, all organisms made of cells
Size of dividing root cell?
12 um
Size of lily epidermal cell?
45 x 143 x 14 um
Why are cells small?
minimum surface area required to service volume
As radius increase surface area and volume increase by what?
squared, cubed
How do cells circumnavigate being small?
long and thin, fat and inert core, pleat membrane
Do eukaryotic cells have defined nucleus?
Yes
What is the outer bounding membrane called? Function?
plasma membrane; divides inside from outside environment
What can embedded proteins do?
can move within lipid bilayer
Components of bilayer of phospholipid?
hydrophilic head outside, hydrophobic tail inside
Functions of membrane proteins?
semipermeable, pumps, enzymes, cellular environment
What is protoplasm?
living matter of cell
What are organelles?
small organs
What is the nucleus?
spherical, central, heredity and cellular control, DNA in chromosomes
What is Endoplasmic reticulum? Two types?
Network of internal membrane sacs, rough and smooth
Rough ER composition? Function?
covered by ribosomes, protein synthesis
Smooth ER composition? Function?
no ribosomes, lipid synthesis and detoxification
What are dictyosomes or golgi? Function?
stacks of membrane sacs, secretion
What are ribosomes? Function?
RNA granules, protein synthesis
What do microbodies look like? Function?
small, spherical; catalase
Composition of mitochondria? Function?
double membrane, aerobic respiration
Plastid composition?
double membrane
Chloroplast function? Amyloplast? Chromoplast?
photosynthesis, store starch, pigments
What are flagella? Function?
cellular extension, internal framework; movement
What is the central vacuole? Function?
membrane bound sac; water storage, wastes, nutrients, pigments
What is cytosol?
surrounds organelles, made of water and dissolved substances
What is cytoskeleton? Function?
protein fibers and tubes, shape and rigidity
Location of cell wall?
outside the cell membrane
What is the primary wall composed of?
cellulose microfibrils
Where is the primary wall secreted?
membrane, outside the cell membrane
What binds microfibrils?
hemicelluloses
What is the middle lamella function? Composed of?
glues adjacent cells, pectins
Two stains in microscopy? what are they made of? Color?
fast green (cellulose), safranin (lignin) red
What is a microtome?
section of the plant part
Where is the secondary wall secreted? Contains? Thinner or thicker than primary? Functions? Example?
inside primary wall, lignin, thicker, rigidity, wood or fiber
What are pits?
openings for exchange of materials
What are plasmodesmata? Types of cells? Function of cell?
small direct cellular connections, secretory, direct movement of materials
What are parenchyma? Common or rare? Metabolic activity? Alive at maturity?
primary wall, thin, Common, most metabolically active, yes
What is collenchyma? Alive at maturity?
unevenly thickened primary wall, yes
What is plastic support?
Elongating shoot tips that need support but must remain flexible
Composition of sclerenchyma? Alive at maturity?
primary and secondary, no
Why are sclerenchyma dead at maturity?
programmed cell death, cell wall remains
Two functions of sclerenchyma?
mechanical and transport
What are sclerids?
Various shapes, protection
What are fibers?
elongate with tapered ends
What do tracheids and vessels do?
transport water
