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Plant Life > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is plant blindness?

A

Our world places little value on plants and are often overshadowed. BUT they are all around us.

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2
Q

Do plants provide most of our food?

A

YES! Examples include wheat, apples, and celery.

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3
Q

T/F: Plants provide beverages and oils.

A

YES! Olive oil and wine to name two.

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4
Q

T/F: Plants can’t preserve foods.

A

They can!

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5
Q

How do plants preserve foods?

A

Through their antibacterial qualities.

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6
Q

Can plants kill you? Example if so?

A

Yes, poison hemlock

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7
Q

What percentage of plants are derived from plants?

A

40%

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8
Q

Examples of plants used in medicines?

A

Opium poppy, foxglove

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9
Q

What are two plants that provide us clothing and fiber?

A

Flax and cotton

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10
Q

Example of plants for construction and fuel?

A

Wood, coal

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11
Q

Can plants move? Example?

A

YES! Venus Flytrap

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12
Q

How do plants make their own food?

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

How do plants add to our aesthetics?

A

Landscaping and house plants

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14
Q

What plants have had an infamous past and where?

A

Cotton in the Americas and sugar cane in the Caribbean

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15
Q

Why are two reasons we would die without plants?

A

Oxygen, base of food chain

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16
Q

What are the origins of the Christmas tree? Common species?

A

Pagan, pine or fir

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17
Q

Holly origins? Use?

A

Northern Europe, pagan, ward off evil spirits

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18
Q

What is mistletoe? Classic use?

A

hemiparasite, attaches to trees, kissing under mistetoe

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19
Q

Poinsettia origin?

A

Mexico

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20
Q

Frankincense origin? What is it? Uses? Value?

A

Red sea, resin from bark, incense, more valuable than gold

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21
Q

Myrrh origin? What is it? Uses?

A

Horn of Africa and Arabia, Resin, perfumes, incense, embalming, medicine

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22
Q

What is the oil of Hanukkah made out of? Use?

A

Olive oil, burning

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23
Q

Where was CC from?

A

Italy

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24
Q

What were his professions? (2)

A

Navigator and sailor

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25
Q

Who supported his western route and why?

A

Spain because they also believed world was round could reach Asia westward

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26
Q

What did CC want from Asia?

A

Spices

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27
Q

Use of spices?

A

Food preservation

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28
Q

What happened instead of discovering Asia?

A

Discovered Americas in 1492

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29
Q

What did this discovery cause?

A

European immigration and exploration, eventually Columbian Exchange

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30
Q

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

Movement of plants, animals, and diseases from Old World to New World, redistribution of organisms

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31
Q

Where is sugarcane from?

A

Polynesia

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32
Q

Where did CC take sugar cane to?

A

Bahamas

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33
Q

Did sugar cane grow well in Bahamas?

A

Yes, very well

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34
Q

What happened to native peoples in Bahamas?

A

Enslaved and Went extinct

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35
Q

How did plantation owners fix this problem?

A

Sent over African slaves

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36
Q

What is the infamous triangle?

A

Transfer or sugar cane, rum, and slaves

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37
Q

Two steps in sugar cane harvesting

A

burning and crushing

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38
Q

Did many slaves die?

A

Yes 1 per 1 ton of sugar cane in 1700s and 1 per 2 tons of sugar cane in 1800s

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39
Q

What did these deaths influence the debate of?

A

Declaration of Independence

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40
Q

Did sugar not made by slaves eventually become more valuable?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What happened when an expedition set out to find Breadfruit for slaves?

A

Lt Bligh and a few men mutinied off ship, survived though

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42
Q

What are the two types of names given to plants?

A

Common names/Scientific Names

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43
Q

What does latinized mean?

A

italics or underlined

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44
Q

How many parts are in a scientific name?

A

2

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45
Q

What are the two parts of a binomial system?

A

Genus, specific epithet

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46
Q

How should you write a scientific name?

A

Genus capitalized, specific epithet lowercase italics

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47
Q

Who taught Theophrastus and what did he do?

A

Student of Aristotle and Plato, named over 500 plants

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48
Q

What did Linnaeus do?

A

Classified all known plants and animals, created binomial system, taxonomic hierarchy, and divided plants by repro structure

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49
Q

What is the L. in the scientific name?

A

Authority

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49
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Kingdom, phylum, plant, order, family, genus, species

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50
Q

What are the three superkingdoms or domains?

A

archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes

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51
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Fungi, protists, animals, plants

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51
Q

Example of Archaea?

A

Methanogen bacteria

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52
Q

Protists uni or multicellular? Plants? Animals? Fungi?

A

BOTH, rest multicellular

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53
Q

Example of Eubacteria?

A

Bluegreen algae

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54
Q

Eubacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Archaea? Uni or multicellular?

A

Prokaryotes, Unicellular

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54
Q

What are cladistics a tool for?

A

tool for determining relationships, based on shared derived characteristics

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55
Q

What is a character state?

A

value or form of a character

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56
Q

What is primitive?

A

ancestral

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57
Q

What is derived?

A

advanced

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58
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

treelike diagram of descent

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59
Q

What does a node represent?

A

divergence between two lines of evolution

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60
Q

What does a branch represent?

A

Common ancestor

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61
Q

What is a herbarium?

A

Collections of preserved plants and fungi?

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62
Q

What uses do preserved plants have?

A

Taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity, DNA, medicinals

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63
Q

What type of group is algae?

A

Polyphyletic

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64
Q

Example of red algae?

A

Rhodophyta

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65
Q

Example of brown algae?

A

Chromophyta

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66
Q

Example of Green algae?

A

chlorophyta

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67
Q

Group fungi?

A

Polyphyletic

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68
Q

What does heterotrophic mean?

A

Feeds on organic matter

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69
Q

Example of zygomycota?

A

black bread molds

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70
Q

Example of ascomycota?

A

Cup fungi

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71
Q

Example of basidiomycota?

A

club fungi

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72
Q

Are bryophytes polyphyletic?

A

NO

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73
Q

Example of byrophytes?

A

Mosses

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74
Q

Example of hepaticophyta?

A

Liverworts

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75
Q

Example of Anthocerophyta?

A

Hornworts

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76
Q

Are ferns polyphyletic?

A

NO

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77
Q

Example of Lycophyta?

A

Lycopods

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78
Q

Example of polypodiophyta?

A

Ferns

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79
Q

Example of equisetophyta?

A

Horsetails

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80
Q

Example of psilotophyta?

A

Whisk ferns

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81
Q

Example of pinophyta?

A

conifers

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81
Q

Are gymnosperms polyphyletic?

A

Yes

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82
Q

Example of cycadophyta?

A

cycads

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83
Q

Example of gnetophyta?

A

ephedra

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84
Q

Example of ginkgophyta?

A

gingko

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85
Q

Are angiosperms polyphyletic?

A

No, monophyletic

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86
Q

Largest group of plants?

A

Angiosperms?

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87
Q

Most recent group?

A

Angiosperms

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88
Q

Most successful plant group?

A

Angiosperms

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89
Q

Flowering plant group?

A

Angiosperm

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90
Q

Two major groups of angiosperms? smaller group?

A

monocots, eudicots; basal angiosperms

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91
Q

Characteristics of basal angiosperms?

A

both monocots and eudicots, primitive features

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92
Q

Family of Poaceae? Araceae? Orchidaceae? Liliaceae?

A

grass, palm, orchid, lily

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93
Q

Family of ranunculaceae?

A

buttercup

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94
Q

Family of lamiaceae?

A

mint

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95
Q

Examples of solanaceae?

A

nightshade, tobacco, potato, tomato

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96
Q

family of rosaceae? examples?

A

rose; apple, rose

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97
Q

Genetic field involves?

A

heredity

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98
Q

Systematics involves?

A

evolutionary relationships

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99
Q

Cytology involves?

A

cellular structure and interactions

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100
Q

Anatomy involves?

A

internal plant structure

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101
Q

Morphology involves?

A

External plant structure

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102
Q

Ecology involves?

A

Environmental interactions

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102
Q

Plant physiology involves?

A

Plant function

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103
Q

Pathology involves?

A

Plant diseases

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104
Q

What is ethnobotany?

A

how indigenous pops make use of plants

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104
Q

What is economic botany?

A

relationship between people and plants

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105
Q

What is phytosociology?

A

communities and the relationships between species of plants

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106
Q

What is biometeorology?

A

a newish subfield that relates plants with environment

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107
Q

What is plant ecology?

A

ecology of vascular plants on land and in wetland ecosystems

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108
Q

What is phycology?

A

algae

109
Q

What is horticulture?

A

Cultivating plants

110
Q

What is agronomy?

A

soil management and study as it relates to crop management

111
Q

What is paleobotany?

A

fossils

112
Q

What is plant taxonomy?

A

categorizing plant species using DNA analysis

113
Q

What is paleoclimatology?

A

how plants have contributed to the atmosphere through history, how plants are historical indicators of climate

114
Q

What is palynology?

A

forensic botany

115
Q

What is bryology?

A

mosses and liverworts

116
Q

What is dendrology?

A

woody plants

117
Q

What is lichenology?

A

lichens

118
Q

What is pteridology?

A

ferns and fern allies

119
Q

What is xyology?

A

study of structure of wood

120
Q

What is forensic botany?

A

using plants in legal, criminal investigations

121
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

genetic mods of living organisms to produce useful products

122
Q

What is the universe composed of?

A

Matter and energy

123
Q

Characteristics of matter?

A

occupies space and has mass
composed of elements

124
Q

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons

125
Q

What orbits nucleus?

A

Electrons

126
Q

What defines elements?

A

Number of protons

127
Q

Electrons interact to form what?

A

Chemical bonds

128
Q
A
129
Q
A
129
Q
A
130
Q
A
131
Q

What are compounds?

A

2 or more atoms connected by electron interactions

132
Q

What do organic compounds contain?

A

carbon

133
Q

What is the backbone of organic molecules? How many bonds?

A

C, 4

134
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Chains of repeating identical or similar molecular subunits

135
Q

What is synthesis?

A

forms polymers from monomers

136
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

breaks down polymers to monomers, aids in digestion

137
Q

What are carbs?

A

sugar

138
Q

Carbs composed of? Ratio? Suffix?

A

C, H, O; CH_2O; -ose

139
Q

What is a monosaccharide? Example?

A

simple sugar, fructose

140
Q

What is a disaccharide? Example?

A

Two sugar molecules bonded, sucrose

141
Q

What are polysaccharides? Example? Polymers of what?

A

Complex carbs, starch, monosaccharaides

142
Q

Functions of carbs?

A

Energy, Storage, Structure

143
Q

Starches are made of what type of polymer?

A

glucose

144
Q

Inulin is made of what type of polymer?

A

Fructose

145
Q

3 types of carb structure?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

146
Q

What are hemicelluloses?

A

gluey, bind microfibrils

147
Q

What are pectins? Example?

A

Galacturonic acid polymer
jelly
Agar

148
Q

Lipid composed of?

A

C, H, O

149
Q

Lipid function?

A

energy source and storage

150
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

neutral fats

151
Q

Are fats saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?

A

Saturated, solid at room temp

152
Q

Are oils saturated or unsaturated? What does this mean?

A

unsaturated, liquid at room temp

153
Q

fatty acids and glycerol are connected by what?

A

Esther linkages

154
Q

What makes saturated fats?

A

no double bonds, straight chain, solid at RT

155
Q

What makes unsaturated fats?

A

One or more double bonds
Bend in chain
liquid at RT

156
Q

What is significant about a trans fatty acid?

A

Does not bend but has double bond, acts like saturated fat

157
Q

What are phospholipids and what are they composed of?

A

major structural units of cell membranes; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

158
Q

What are steroids?

A

complex molecules consisting of rings of C atoms

159
Q

Functions of steroids?

A

membrane structure, hormones

160
Q

Look over basic steroid structure *******

A

_______________________

161
Q

Name 4 functions of proteins.

A

Structure, storage of energy, contraction (muscle), enzymes

162
Q

What is protein a polymer of?

A

amino acids

163
Q

Protein composition?

A

C, H, O, N, S

164
Q

Two groups of proteins?

A

amino group, carboxyl group

165
Q

What is the r group?

A

variable group, defines properties of each amino acid

166
Q

How many proteins in living things?

A

20

167
Q

Two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

168
Q

DNA function?

A

information storage, nucleus of cell

169
Q

RNA function?

A

information processing

170
Q

What does the order of bases convey?

A

genetic information

170
Q

4 types of bases?

A

A, T, C, G

171
Q

Information flow?

A

DNA–copied–> RNA —read–> protein

172
Q

What is secondary metabolism?

A

metabolism of chemicals that occur irregularly or rarely among plants

173
Q

What are groupings of compounds based on?

A

structural similarities
biosynthetic pathways
kinds of plants that make them

174
Q

What do secondary metabolites often occur with?

A

one or more sugars

175
Q

3 functions of secondary metabolites?

A

protein and defense, chemical attractants, plant-plant competition,

176
Q

How does protection work in secondary metabolites?

A

herbivory and microbial pathology

177
Q

What do chemical attractants do?

A

attract pollinators and seed dispersers

178
Q

How does Plant-plant competition work?

A

Allelopathy, growth inhibitors

179
Q

What element do alkaloids contain?

A

N

180
Q

What is the largest class of secondary metabolites?

A

Alkaloids

181
Q

Examples of plants with alkaloids?

A

Pea, sunflower, poppy

182
Q

What is coniine?

A

nerve toxin, poison hemlock

183
Q

What is strychnine?

A

nerve stimulant and convulsant; from strychnine tree

184
Q

What is tomatine?

A

Antiherbivore in tomatoes

185
Q

What is tubocurarine?

A

Arrow poison, muscle relaxant, curare tree

186
Q

Morphine?

A

painkiller, opium poppy

187
Q

Codeine?

A

cough suppressant, opium poppy

188
Q

What is quinine?

A

Malaria treatment, quinine tree

188
Q

What is vincristine?

A

Leukemia treatment, Madagascar periwinkle

188
Q

Atropine?

A

Dilate pupil of the eye and antinerve gas agent, belladonna

189
Q

What is caffeine?

A

stimulant, coffee and tea

190
Q

Cocaine?

A

Anesthetic, coca plant

191
Q

What are polymers composed of?

A

dimers and polymers of 5-C isoprene units (C_5H_8)

192
Q

What are monoterpenes? Examples?

A

2 isoprene units; essential oils

193
Q

Isoprenes often what? What does this cause?

A

evaporate; haze

194
Q

Diterpenes units? Tri?

A

4, 6

195
Q

What are sterols? Used in?

A

triterpenes, membrane structure

196
Q

Carotenoids units? Pigments?

A

8 units, yellow and red

197
Q

Rubber units?

A

6000 units

198
Q

What is the milky fluid in plants?

A

Latex

199
Q

What role does abscissic have? Units?

A

plant hormone, 3

200
Q

Gibberellins? Type of terpene?

A

plant hormone, diterpene

201
Q

Menthol use? Plant?

A

cough medicines, mints and eucalyptus

202
Q

Camphor use? Plant?

A

Disinfectant, camphor tree

203
Q

Nepetalactone use?

A

Catnip, attractive to cats

204
Q

Smilagenine use? Plant?

A

steroidal glycoside, sarsaparilla

205
Q

Taxol use? Plant?

A

Anticancer agent, Pacific Yew tree

206
Q

Lycopene pigment? Plant?

A

Red, tomatoes

207
Q

Digitalin use? Plant?

A

Heart medicine, foxglove

208
Q

Oleandrin use? Plant?

A

Heart poison, oleander

209
Q

Phenolic composition?

A

fully unsaturated 6-C ring linked to O

210
Q

Examples of simple phenolics?

A

single ring with simple side groups
salicylic acid

211
Q

What is the name of complex phenolics with a 3-C side chain

A

phenylpropanoids

212
Q

What does phenyl mean? prop?

A

ring, 3

213
Q

What two amino acids are formed with phenolics?

A

Tyrosine and phenylalanine

214
Q

What is flavor on nutmeg called?

A

myristicin

215
Q

What are flavonoids?

A

Phenylpropanoids condensed into complex 3-ringed structures

216
Q

What are anthocyanins?

A

Red and blue pigments of some flowers

217
Q

What are flavonoids thought to lower?

A

cholesterol

218
Q

What are tannins? Use in plants? Sequestered where?Wine?

A

polymers of flavonoids, deterrent to herbivores, sequestered in vacuole, dryness

219
Q

Lignin what? Use?

A

polymer of phenylpropanoids, secondary cell wall, wood

220
Q

What is salicin?

A

folk medicine for headaches

221
Q

What is cyanidine glucoside? Example?

A

deep red pigment, mums

222
Q

What is limonin? Example?

A

bitter flavor, grapefruit

223
Q

What family are mustard oil glycosides in?

A

Mustard family

224
Q

What family are nonprotein amino acids in?

A

Legume family

225
Q

Example of plant with cyanogenic glycosides?

A

apples

226
Q

What is the function of glycoside stored in the vacuole?

A

release cyanide when hydrolyzed when cell destroyed

227
Q

Who identified cells? How?

A

Robert Hooke, cork cells

227
Q

Who established cell theory? What was it?

A

Schwann and Schleiden, all organisms made of cells

228
Q

Size of dividing root cell?

A

12 um

229
Q

Size of lily epidermal cell?

A

45 x 143 x 14 um

230
Q

Why are cells small?

A

minimum surface area required to service volume

231
Q

As radius increase surface area and volume increase by what?

A

squared, cubed

232
Q

How do cells circumnavigate being small?

A

long and thin, fat and inert core, pleat membrane

233
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have defined nucleus?

A

Yes

234
Q

What is the outer bounding membrane called? Function?

A

plasma membrane; divides inside from outside environment

235
Q

What can embedded proteins do?

A

can move within lipid bilayer

236
Q

Components of bilayer of phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head outside, hydrophobic tail inside

237
Q

Functions of membrane proteins?

A

semipermeable, pumps, enzymes, cellular environment

238
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

living matter of cell

239
Q

What are organelles?

A

small organs

240
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

spherical, central, heredity and cellular control, DNA in chromosomes

241
Q

What is Endoplasmic reticulum? Two types?

A

Network of internal membrane sacs, rough and smooth

242
Q

Rough ER composition? Function?

A

covered by ribosomes, protein synthesis

243
Q

Smooth ER composition? Function?

A

no ribosomes, lipid synthesis and detoxification

244
Q

What are dictyosomes or golgi? Function?

A

stacks of membrane sacs, secretion

245
Q

What are ribosomes? Function?

A

RNA granules, protein synthesis

246
Q

What do microbodies look like? Function?

A

small, spherical; catalase

247
Q

Composition of mitochondria? Function?

A

double membrane, aerobic respiration

248
Q

Plastid composition?

A

double membrane

249
Q

Chloroplast function? Amyloplast? Chromoplast?

A

photosynthesis, store starch, pigments

250
Q

What are flagella? Function?

A

cellular extension, internal framework; movement

251
Q

What is the central vacuole? Function?

A

membrane bound sac; water storage, wastes, nutrients, pigments

252
Q

What is cytosol?

A

surrounds organelles, made of water and dissolved substances

253
Q

What is cytoskeleton? Function?

A

protein fibers and tubes, shape and rigidity

254
Q

Location of cell wall?

A

outside the cell membrane

255
Q

What is the primary wall composed of?

A

cellulose microfibrils

256
Q

Where is the primary wall secreted?

A

membrane, outside the cell membrane

257
Q

What binds microfibrils?

A

hemicelluloses

258
Q

What is the middle lamella function? Composed of?

A

glues adjacent cells, pectins

259
Q

Two stains in microscopy? what are they made of? Color?

A

fast green (cellulose), safranin (lignin) red

260
Q

What is a microtome?

A

section of the plant part

261
Q

Where is the secondary wall secreted? Contains? Thinner or thicker than primary? Functions? Example?

A

inside primary wall, lignin, thicker, rigidity, wood or fiber

262
Q

What are pits?

A

openings for exchange of materials

263
Q

What are plasmodesmata? Types of cells? Function of cell?

A

small direct cellular connections, secretory, direct movement of materials

264
Q

What are parenchyma? Common or rare? Metabolic activity? Alive at maturity?

A

primary wall, thin, Common, most metabolically active, yes

265
Q

What is collenchyma? Alive at maturity?

A

unevenly thickened primary wall, yes

266
Q

What is plastic support?

A

Elongating shoot tips that need support but must remain flexible

267
Q

Composition of sclerenchyma? Alive at maturity?

A

primary and secondary, no

268
Q

Why are sclerenchyma dead at maturity?

A

programmed cell death, cell wall remains

269
Q

Two functions of sclerenchyma?

A

mechanical and transport

270
Q

What are sclerids?

A

Various shapes, protection

271
Q

What are fibers?

A

elongate with tapered ends

272
Q

What do tracheids and vessels do?

A

transport water

Plant Life (8 decks)

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