Exam 3 Section 3 Flashcards
Infections acquired in the course of medical care
Most often applied to infections contracted in an acute care hospital
nosocomial infection
In the US there are approx. _________ patients annually who contract nosocomial infections
2 million
Risk factors for nosocomial infections
age(elderly & really young), heredity, nutritional status, stress, inadequate rest and exercise, health history, inadequate defenses
A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure
A pt may not develop symptoms of the illness until leaving the health care environment
Can trace back to how the infection was contracted
Iatrogenic Nosocomial infection
The _________ is the most common site of nosocomial infection and is associated with the use of indwelling catheters
urinary tract
when body fluids are touched directly from person to person
direct transmission
Fomite = syringe or dressing (any inanimate object)
Vehicle = food, water, drugs, blood
Vectors = infected animals or insects
Droplet = nose or mouth of an infected host
Airborne = comes from evaporated residue left from droplet
indirect transmission
to eliminate as best as possible all microorganisms with the use of soap, water, friction, and chemical disinfections
disinfectant, removes most
medical asepsis
microorganisms and their spores have been completely destroyed by means of heat or chemical process
Removes everything
surgical asepsis
The use of _________ is the number one way to reduce/break the cycle of the spread of infection
hand hygiene
When are you required to wear gloves?
if there is a chance of coming into contact with bodily fluids
There are four major groups of microorganisms that are known to produce diseases:
– Bacteria
– Fungi
– Viruses
– Parasites and prions
elements needed to transmit infection
- infection agent
- environment to live & multiply
- portal of exit from the reservoir
- means of transmission
- portal of entry into a new host
HIV usually results in ____, a disease that is currently
incurable and has a high mortality rate.
AIDS
A patient must reach the ___ stage of the disease before it is classified as having AIDS. Once reaching this stage, ___ to ___ die within __ years
5th, 80% to 90%, 3
An inflammation of liver cells that is initially acute, but in some cases render the disease to the chronic carriers
viral hepatitis
types of hepatitis
HVA, HVB, HVC, HCD, HVE
Health care workers most often contract hepatitis B from ________ ______
needlestick injuries
has also become more prevalent in recent
years and has become the most common bloodborne infection in the United States
Hepatitis C
Chronic disease caused by the spore–forming Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
tuberculosis
In ____, the CDC published updated and expanded guidelines to prevent the transmission of infection control for all persons working in health care settings
2007
This method of transmission occurs when microbes are spread on evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air or are carried on dust particles in the air and may be inhaled by persons in that room or air space.
airborne infection isolation
vital signs include
– Body temperature
– Pulse
– Respiration
– Blood pressure (BP)
body temp is controlled by the
hypothalamus
Changes in the body’s physiology occur when the body temperature fluctuates __ to __ degrees
2 to 3
normal body temp for adult (14 years and over)
97.8°F to 99.0°F
normal body temp for child (5-13 years)
97.8°F to 98.6°F
normal body temp for infant (3 months to 3 years)
99.0°F to 99.7°F
A patient whose body temperature is elevated above normal limits is said to have a “fever,” also known as
pyrexia
Four areas of the body to measure temperature:
– Oral (mouth under tongue)
– Tympanic (ear)
– Rectum (anal opening)
– Axillary (armpit)
normal oral temp
98.6°F (37°C)
normal tympanic temp
97.6°F (36.4°C)
normal rectum temp
99.6°F (37.5°C)
normal axillary temp
97.6°F to 98°F (36.4°C to 36.7°C)
Nine Locations to Measure a Pulse
- Apical: apex of the heart (heard with a stethoscope)
- Radial: at the wrist at the base of the thumb
- Carotid: neck
- Femoral: groin
- Popliteal: posterior knee
- Temporal: front of ear
- Dorsalis Pedis: top of foot
- Posterior Tibial: inner side of ankle
- Brachial: groove of elbow
most common locations for pulse
radial pulse an carotid pulse
pulse point for sterile invasive procedures
popliteal, posterior tibial, and pedal pulse
avg pulse rate for adult
60 to 90 bpm
avg pulse rate for child
90 to 100 bpm
avg pulse rate for infant
120 bpm
Respiration—Average Baselines adult
15 to 20 bpm
Respiration—Average Baselines child
(1 to 10 years): 20 to 30 bpm
Respiration—Average Baselines infant
(under 1 year): 30 to 60 bpm
Systolic Pressure:
Heart is contracting
Diastolic Pressure
Heart is “resting”
Normal BP Range adult
Systolic: 90 to 120 mm Hg
Diastolic: 50 to 80 mm Hg
Normal BP Range child
Systolic: 90 to 120 mm Hg
Diastolic: 50 to 70 mm Hg
Normal BP Range adolescent
Systolic: 85 to 130 mm Hg
Diastolic: 45 to 85 mm Hg
hypertensive blood pressure
systolic consistently over 140mm Hg
diastolic consistently over 90 mm Hg
hypotensive blood pressure
systolic blood pressure is consistently less than 90 mm Hg
Sphygmomanometer =
blood pressure cuff
When the level of oxygen in the arterial blood becomes inadequate to meet the patient’s physiological needs
hypoxemia
Normal SaO2 values are
___ to ___
95% to 100%
Adult (14 years or older) normal body temp
97.8 to 99.0 degrees F
Vital signs are always higher on ______
infants
pyrexia =
fever
________ may be induced medically to reduce a patients need for oxygen
Hypothermia
A person can die with temps above _________ degrees F or below ____ degrees F
105.8 to 111.2
93.2
_________ is the most reliable place for taking body temp
Rectal site
Most common place to check pulse is the _____
radial
Don’t use _____ to check pulse because it has it’s own pulse
thumb
Adult average pulse rate:
60 to 90 bpm
abnormally rapid heart rate (over 100 bpm)
Tachycardia
abnormally slow heart rate (below 60 bpm)
Bradycardia
Adult average respiration:
15 to 20 bpm (breaths per minute)
when a pt is using more that the normal effort to breathe
Dyspnea
heart is contracting
Adult normal range 90 to 120 mm Hg
Systolic pressure
heart is resting
Adult normal range 50 to 80 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure
used to monitor the oxygen saturation in the hemoglobin
Pulse oximetry
Normal SaO2 values are:
95% to 100%
SaO2 value less than ____ is bad
85%
O2 considered to be a ______ and must be prescribed by a ________
medication, physician
Excessive amounts of ______ to patients who have COPD may depress the reparatory drive, and the patient may stop breathing
oxygen
Face mask needs at least __ liters of O2
5
Why is there an increase in nosocomial infections?
because of increased resistance of microorganisms because of overuse of antibiotics
Standard precautions are to be followed by everyone working in the facility, this means that all body fluids are to be considered infectious and includes?
breast milk, discharge, cerebral spinal fluid, tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, fecal material, drainage, peritoneal fluid, sputum, nasal secretions, pericardial fluid (all the above)
What institution inspects sites and protects us?
OSHA
When should radiographer wear clean gloves?
anytime there is a possibility of coming into contact with bodily fluids
What can the radiographer say?
all except please refrain from sitting or coughing near others
When you take a portable into an isolation unit what do you need?
cap, gown, 2 pairs of clean gloves, IR cover
2 main categories for spread of infection:
direct & indirect (has multiple possibilities)
What is a community acquired infection?
acquired anywhere other than health care treatments
Colorless minute one celled organism: bacteria
Colorless minute one celled organism:
bacteria
Yeast and mold:
fungi
What is the smallest thing known to produce disease:
virus
disease of liver
Hepatitis
If you touch something dirty (with bacteria on it) and the bacteria gets on your hands that’s ______ spread
indirect
What kind of spread is person to person?
direct
If we ingest food, water, blood; what type of contact is that?
vehicle
If you inhale evaporated particles in air what contact is that?
airborne
_____ contact is wet moist secretions
Droplet
MRSA is usually _____ contact transmission
direct
What does the stethoscope measure?
apical pulse
Why do we say that pt might have hypothermia induced?
to reduce their need for O2
What does Pulse oximetry measure?
oxygen saturation in hemoglobin
