EXAM 3: SEC 3/Kidneys Flashcards
1
Q
Function of the kidneys
A
- regulation of water, inorganic ion balance, and acid-base balance (in corp with lungs)
- removal of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals from the blood and their excretion in urine
- gluconeogensis
2
Q
Production of hormones/enzymes
A
- erythropotetin which controls erythrocyet production
- renin, enzyme that controls formation of angiotensin and influences blood pressure and sodium balance
- 1, 25 - dihydroxyvitamin D influences calcium balance
3
Q
Urinary components
A
- ureters, bladder, urethra
4
Q
main function of ureters
A
- transport urine from kidneys to bladder
5
Q
main function of bladder
A
-stores urine until voided from body
6
Q
urethra
A
- carry urine from bladder to the outside of the body
7
Q
Nephron
A
- structural and function units of kidneys
- each kidney has over 1 million
- each consists of a glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) and a renal tubule
- tubule forms cup around glomerulus called glomerular/Bowman’s capsule
8
Q
Juxtaglomerular Cells
A
- in arteriole wall the granular cells (JG) are enlarged smooth muscle cells that have secretory granules which contain the hormone renin
- JG cells are mechanoreceptors (sense BP) in afferent arteriole
9
Q
Macula Densa
A
- group of tall, closely-packed cells that are adjacent to JG cells
- macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in NaCl content of filtrate
10
Q
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
A
- JG cells and Macula densa work in tandem and are critical regulators of blood pressure
11
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
- paired kidneys form a filtrate of the blood that is modified by reabsorption and secretion ; urine designated for excretion moves along ureters to bladder
12
Q
Renal cortex
A
- the outer layer of kidney and is site of glomerular filtration, as well as convulated tubules
13
Q
Renal Medulla
A
- inner part of kidney and is located along longer loops of Henle
- drainage of the collecting ducts into renal pelvis and ureter
14
Q
Glomerulus
A
- capillaries of glomerulus are fenestrated, which allows large amounts of solute-rich fluid to pass - there shouldn’t be lots of protein in urine!
- inner layer contains highly modified branching epithelial cells called podocytes
- contains smooth muscle like cell = glomerular mesangial cell
15
Q
Podocytes
A
- terminate in foot processes which surround the basement membrane of glomerulus
- the clefts between the foot processes are called filtration slits = where filtrate enters capsular space
16
Q
Glomerular Mesangial Cell
A
- help regulate blood flow in glomerulus by contraction and engulf macromolecules that get hung up during filtration
17
Q
Juxtamedullary nephrons overview
A
- long loop henle
- involved in concentration of urine
- found at border between cortex and medulla
- about 15% of all nephrons are in this category
18
Q
Cortical nephrons overview
A
- most nephrons fall in this category
- short loop of henle
19
Q
Basic renal processes for sodium and water
A
- sodium reabsorption is active process occurring in all tubular segments except descending limb of loop of henle
- water reabsorption is by diffusion and is dependent upon sodium reabsorption
- water moves through aquaporin channels. pressure of awuaporin varies throughout the tubule segments
- highly expressed in proximal nephron
- absent in collecting ducts unless anti-diuretic hormone ADH active
20
Q
Concentration of urine concentrations and volume
A
- kidneys maintain plasma osmolarity at 300 mOsm
- it does this through countercurrent mechanisms (fluid in one tube flows oppositely of adjoining tube)
21
Q
Why countercurrent works
A
- descending loop of henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water
- ascending limb is permeable to solutes, not water
- urea recycling contributes to medullary osmotic gradient
22
Q
Dilute Urine
A
- urine is normally diluted as moves through the ascending limb of loop of Henle
- to secrete dilute urine, DCT and collecting duct cells secrete substances and then kidney just leaves it alone
- osmolarity as low as 70 mOsm
23
Q
Glucose concentration/secretion
A
- the reabsorption of many organic substances such as glucose is accomplished with transport proteins
- when concentration exceeds the capacity of the transporters, the excess is excreted in the urine
24
Q
Capillaries Associated with Nephrons
A
- nephrons are associated with 2 sets of capillaries
- glomerular
- pertibular
25
Q
Glomerular capillaries
A
- specialized for filtration
- only capillaries in body that are fed and drained by an arteriole (afferent and efferent)
- this allows the blood pressure in the capillary bed to be very high and it foreces fluid and solute out of blood into glomerular capsule
26
Q
Pertibular capillaries
A
- most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in renal tubule cells and returns to blood though pertibular capillaries
27
Q
Basic Renal Process
A
- glomerular filtration
- tubular secretion
- tubular reabsorption
28
Q
Glomerular Filtration
A
- glomerular filtration is passive process where hydrostatic pressures force the fluids and solute through a membrane. moves fluid from glomerular capillaries and into bowmans capsule
- the glomeruli in kidney are much more efficient filter than other capillary beds in the body because large SA and permeable to water and solutes
- during filtration, important to keep plasma proteins in plasma to maintain osmotic pressure
- if see blood cells or protein in urine then theres a problem with filtration membrane (untreated = renal disease)
29
Q
Net Flomerular filtration pressure
A
P(GC) = P(BS) = piGC
30
Q
glomerular filtration
A
- refers to the movements of fluid and solutes from glomerular capillaries into bowmans space
31
Q
tubular secretion
A
- refers to the secretion of solutes from the pertibular capillaries into the tubules
32
Q
Tubular reabsorption
A
- begins as soon as filtrate enters the tubular cells
- paracellular transport occurs between cells (even though they have tight junctions) and is seen mainly with ions
- transport can be active (requires ATP) or passive (no ATP)
- moves substrances from pertibular capillaries into tubular lumen
33
Q
sodium reabsorption
A
- Na+ is most abundant cation in filtrate
- Na+ reabsorption is almost always active transport
- active pumping of Na+ generates an electrochemical gradient that couples to passive entrance of other substances via co-transporters
34
Q
Tubular secretion important for:
A
- disposing of drugs and drug metabolites
- eliminating undesired substrances or end products that have reabsorped via passive processes (urea and uric acid)
- removing excess K+
- controlling blood pH
35
Q
metabolism by the tubule
A
- renal tubule cells can synthesize glucose during fasting and add it to the blood, and they can catabolize many organic compounds
36
Q
regulation of membrane channels and transporters
A
- regulation of reabsorption and/or secretion of many substances is achieved by regulating the activity or concentrations of the appropriate transport proteins in response to hormones and paracrnie/autocrine factors
37
Q
Division of labor in tubules
A
- majority of reabsorption is by proximal tubule and loop of henle
- extensive reabsorption by proximal tubule and henle’s loop ensures that the masses of solutes and volume of water entering tubular segments beyond henle’s loop are small
- distal segments do fine-tuning for most substances, determining final amounts excreted in urine by adjusting their rates of reabsorption and in a few cases secretion
38
Q
renal clearance (RC)
A
- this is the volume of plasma cleared of a substance in one minute (ml/min)
- creatine can be used but is less accurate, it is freely filtered but also secreted in small amounts
39
Q
RC = UV/P
A
- RC = renal clearance
- U = concentration of the substance in urine
- V = flow rate of urine formation
- P = concentration of substance in the plasma
40
Q
Micturition
A
- urine is formed in renal tubules then travels through calyxes until drains into renal pelvis
- fluid chains from renal pelvis to ureter, leading to urinary bladder
- bladder stores urine until excreted from body by micturition reflex
- micturition is initiated by a nervous reflex which causes the smooth muscle of bladder walls to contract and expel urine
- goes through 2 sphincters
1) internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
2) external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
41
Q
Incontinence
A
- involuntary release of urine
- most common types are stress incontinence from sneezing, coughing or exercise, and urge incontinence associated with desire to urinate
- more common in women
- meds can often help ‘stress’
- severe cases may require surgery
- can be treated with drugs but often have side effects
- irritation to bladder or urethra can cause ‘urge’
42
Q
Inulin
A
- because filtered but not reabsorbed, or secreted, can be used to estimate glomerular filtration on rate
43
Q
Creatine
A
- product of muscle metabolism and produced daily
- gets into nephrons via glomerular filtration
- 10-15% lost in urine a day
- NOT reabsorbed once gets into nephron
44
Q
if GFR decreases in kidney disease
A
plasma creatine increases
45
Q
Concentrated Urine
A
- ADH uses cAMP systems to cause the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of the principle cells of collecting ducts
- if water flows out of collecting ducts to be absorbed by the body
- urine can reach 1200 mOsm
46
Q
Glomerular Filtration Rate
A
- volume of filtration formed each minute
- affected by volume of surface available, filtration membrane permeability and NFP, blood pressure/blood flow to glomerular capillaries
- directly proportional to NFP. in absence of regulation, increase in systemic blood pressure means increase GFR
47
Q
Renal regulation of calcium and phsophate
A
- calcium reabsorption increase by parathyroid hormone
- phosphate reabsorption decreases by parathyroid hormone
48
Q
glomerulus/bowmans capsule job
A
- forms ultrafiltrate of plasma
49
Q
proximal tubule job
A
- bulk reabsorption of solutes and water, secretion of solutes (except K+) and organic acids/bases and secretion of urea
50
Q
descending limb job
A
- bulk reabsorption of water
51
Q
ascending limb job
A
- bulk reabsorption of NaCl
52
Q
distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts job
A
- fine tuning of the reabsorption / secretion of small quantity of solute remaining
53
Q
Cortical and medullary collecting ducts job
A
- fine-tuning of water reabsorption and reabsorption of urea
54
Q
Diuretics
A
- substances that promote loss of Na+ and water
- alcohol inhibits release of ADH
- osmotic diuretics –> high glucose loads in urine
- loop diuretics are most powerful diuretics because inhibit formation of medullar gradient
- hydrochlorithiazide acts on the distal collecting ducts
- spironolactone is an aldosterone receptor antagonist known as K+ sparing diuretic. acts because K+ in urine is from aldosterone-driven active tubular secretion into the late DCT and collecting ducts
55
Q
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in body
A
- major extracellular buffer = CO2 / HCO3- system
- major intracellular buffer = phosphate and proteins
56
Q
Integration of Homeostatic controls
A
- kidneys and respiratory system work together to regulate hydrogen ion concentrations
57
Q
Renal Mechanisms
A
- the kidneys eliminate or replenish hydrogen ions from the body by altering plasma bicarbonate concentration
58
Q
Responses to Acidosis
A
- H+ is secreted to reabsorb all filtered HCO3-
- still more H+ secreted, contributing to new HCO3- to the plasma as H+ excreted bound to nonbicarbonate urinary buffers such as HPO4-
- tubular glutamine metabolism and ammonium excretion are enhanced, also contributing new HCO3- ion than usual added
- overall result: move new HCO3- ion than usual added to blood, and plasma bicarbonate increases, compensating for acidosis
59
Q
Responses to Alkalosis
A
- overall result: plasma bicarbonate concentration decreases thereby compensating for alkalosis. urine is alkaline > 7.4
60
Q
Kidney disease
A
- diseases affecting kidneys = bacterial infections, hypertension, and diabetes
- end stage renal disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world and the leading cause of needed renal transplants
61
Q
Clinical issues with kidneys
A
- severe cases when kidney swells, abscessess for and pelvis fills with pus. can result in irrepairable damage
- antibiotics are used to treat this condition
- renal failure and anuria can result from any situation where nephrons cease to function, including acute nephritis, transfusion reactions, and crash injuries
62
Q
Anuria
A
- abnormally low urine output (less than 50ml/day)
- may indicate that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration
63
Q
if issue affects entire kidney
A
pyelonephritis
64
Q
infection of renal pelvis that occurs via bacteria
A
pyelitis
