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ONLINE PHYSIOLOGY > EXAM 3: SEC 1/blood > Flashcards

EXAM 3: SEC 1/blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A
  • made of formed elements (cells, cell fragments, plasma)
  • plasma carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and other molecules being transported around the body
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2
Q

Cardiovascular System Overview

A
  • 2 loops: systemic and pulmonary

- closed system

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3
Q

Systemic Loop

A
  • carries blood from heart to the rest of the body
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4
Q

Pulmonary Loop

A
  • carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs and back to heart
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5
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation

A
  • releases acetylcholine through vagus nerve into atria
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6
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A
  • releases norepi & epi through thoracic spinal nerves and bloodstream into atria and ventricles
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7
Q

P wave

A
  • atrial depolarization
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8
Q

QRS complex

A
  • atrial repolarization

- ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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10
Q

Normal open valve heart sound

A
  • quiet and laminar flow
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11
Q

Stenotic valve sound

A
  • turbulent flow

- murmur

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12
Q

Normal closed valve sound

A
  • quiet, no flow
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13
Q

Insufficient valve sound

A
  • leaky valve
  • turbulent backflow
  • murmur
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14
Q

Positive chronotropic factors

A

things that increase heart rate

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15
Q

Negative chronotropic factors

A

things that decrease the heart rate

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16
Q

Regulation of HR

A
  • HR is controlled by the input from the nervous system: SNS increases HR, PSNS decreases HR
  • AP created sooner via sympathetic stimulation increases HR creating more positive mem
  • AP created later via parasympathetic decreases HR creating negative mem
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17
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A
  • increase ventricular filling/preloading = increase in stroke volume = increase in cardiac output
  • decrease preload = decrease stroke volume = decrease cardiac output
  • norepi from sympathetic increases intracell calcium concentration increasing contractile force, increasing contractility, faster and stronger contractions and increasing HR with greater force development
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18
Q

2 ways cardiac contractile force is regulated

A
  • starling’s law (the effect of preload) and contractility (the effect of external neural, hormonal stimulation)
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19
Q

Vascular System

A
  • pressure in system falls as passes from one end to other

- pressure in pulmonary circulation is lower than in systemic

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20
Q

upstream pressure systemic

A

aorta

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21
Q

downstream pressure systemic

A

right atrium

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22
Q

pulmonary circulation upstream

A

pulmonary artery

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23
Q

pulmonary circulation downstream

A

left atria

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24
Q

lowest pressure in heart

A

right atrium

25
Q

Arteries

A
  • compliance = change in vol / change in pressure
  • the higher the compliance, the more easily can be stretched
  • arteries are often called pressure reservoirs because of the elastic recoil - not as compliant as veins
  • arteries stretch during systole and relax/squeeze down on blood during diastole
26
Q

diastole pressure

A
  • lowest pressure
27
Q

arterial pressure changes due to

A

age, stiffness, systolic pressure

28
Q

Active Hypermia

A 
increase metabolic activity of organ
to
decrease O2, increase metabolites in organ interstitial fluid
to
arteriolar dilation in organ
to 
increase blood flow to organ
29
Q

Neural controls

A
  • vasoconstrictors: sympathetic nerves that release norepi

- vasodilators: neurons that release nitric acid

30
Q

Hormonal controls

A
  • vasocontrictors: epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin

- vasodilators: epinephrine atrial natriuretic peptide

31
Q

Local controls

A
  • vasocontrictors: internal blood pressure (myogenic response) Endothelin-1
  • vasodilators: decrease in O2, K+, CO2, H+, osmolarity, adenosine, eicosanoids, bradykinin, substances released during injury, nitric oxide
32
Q

All controls go to…

A

go into arteriolar smooth muscle, altering the arteriolar radius

33
Q

Capillaries

A
  • the smallest blood vessels
  • where gas and nutrient exchange happens by diffusion out of the blood into the tissues (or back into the blood)
  • from interstitial fluid/space into capillaries = reabsorption
  • movement fluid out of capillaries into interstitial space = filtration
34
Q

Anatomy of capillary network

A
  • arterioles carry O2 blood into

- capillaries = primary site for microcirculatory exchange

35
Q

Velocity of capillary blood flow

A
  • velocity is slowest in capillary beds because they have a greater cross-sectional area
  • slow velocity flow in capillaries
36
Q

Diffusion of capillary walls

A
  • down gradient
  • rate is fastest for small molecules (Co2 and O2)
  • O2 and glucose diffuse down into tissue cells
  • CO2 diffuses down and out of tissues into capillary
37
Q

Net filtration pressure

A
  • fluid pressure in capillary is greater than fluid pressure in interstitial space outside
  • fluid pressure gradient promotes filtration
  • increase capillary pressure = increase filtration
  • decrease capillary pressure = decrease filtration
  • increase concentration of solute particles = increase osmotic pressure = decrease water concentration
  • decrease solute concentration = decease osmotic pressure = increase water concentration
38
Q

Blood distribution

A
  • pulmonary circulation = 12%
  • heart = 9%
  • arteries = 11%
  • arterioles and capillaries = 7%
  • veins = 61%
39
Q

Short term regulation of arterial pressure and volume

A
  • involves regulation of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
40
Q

Arterial Baroreceptors

A
  • stretch receptors sense arterial pressure
  • impulses from baroreceptors are carried into CNS
  • increase in pressure, causes baroreceptors to stretch, increases afferent impulses, decreasing sympathetic outflow to heart, arterioles, and veins, and increases parasympathetic outflow to heart
41
Q

Long-term arterial pressure

A
  • circulatory and renal system cooperates to adjust extracellular fluid volume and blood volume to maintain arterial pressure
  • increase arterial pressure, increase renal output of solute and water, decrease extracellular fluid and blood volume
  • increase blood volume has same affect as above
42
Q

Hemorrhage and other causes hypotension

A
  • decrease stroke volume
  • increase heart rate
  • decrease cardiac output
  • decrease mean arterial pressure
  • increase total peripheral resistance
43
Q

Upright posture and pressure

A
  • pressure due to gravity = 80 mmHg
  • causes blood to somewhat pool in lower limb arteries right after stand up
  • reflexes quickly sustain normal
44
Q

Exercise

A
  • healthy stress on body
  • blood flow goes to areas needed most
  • decrease flow to brain, increase flow to muscle, same flow to heart, increase flow to skin, decrease flow to kidney and organs
45
Q

O2 consumption and training

A
  • cardiac output increases in trained vs untrained allowing for more work rate
  • heart rate is lower for work rate in trained vs untrained
  • stroke volume increases O2 consumption in trained vs untrained
46
Q

Hypertension treatments

A
  • diuretics
  • beta-adrenergic receptors
  • CA2+ channel blockers
  • ACE inhibitors
  • drugs
47
Q

Diuretics

A
  • increase urine output and decrease extracellular volume decreasing pressure
48
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A
  • decrease in heart rate and decrease CO and pressure
49
Q

CA2+ channel blockers

A
  • decrease smooth muscle contraction and lower peripheral resistance
50
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A
  • decrease overall activity of angiotensin system
51
Q

drugs

A
  • reduce sympathetic mediated stimulation
52
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • the greater the degree of cardiac filling, the greater the stroke volume, and cardiac output
  • the greater cardiac failure, the greater the expansion of extracellular fluid volume, the greater filling pressure end diastolic volume
  • heart failure = stroke volume much less at rest
53
Q

Coronary Artery Disease and heart attacks

A
  • adequete blood flow to heart is essential
  • if flow through vessels is down, O2 needs is not met, and may create heart attack
  • atherosclerosis (plaque build up) largest risk factor
  • treated via drugs, dilate arteries and veins, drugs that reduce sympathetic NS, drugs that decrease clotting, drugs that control cholesterol
  • stents also used to treat if necessary
54
Q

Eurythrocyte

A
  • red blood cell
  • bi-concave disk
  • excess surface area
  • allows for flexibility and traveling
  • 100-120 lifespan days
55
Q

RBC production

A
  • iron absorbed via GI tract and enters plasma
  • transfaren distributes iron around body and to bone marrow
  • when blood cells leave, iron stays in spleen
  • lack of iron = decrease RBC production = anemia
  • circulates = 3 months
  • regulation of eurythiopoetin = negative feedback
56
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • preserve integrity of cardiovascular system and prevent blood loss
57
Q

Role of liver

A
  • synthesizes bile salts, absorbs vit K, synthesizes clotting factors, allows clotting factors to enter blood
58
Q

Anticlotting systems

A
  • endothelial cells (thrombin and protein C) and plasminogen activators (plasmin and fibrin)

ONLINE PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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