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BSC 2086 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

digestive process that involves taking food into the digestive tract

A

ingestion

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2
Q

digestive process that involves moving food through the alimentary canal; includes swallow and peristalsis

A

propulsion

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3
Q

involuntary major means of propulsion; involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

A

peristalsis

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4
Q

digestive process that involves increasing the surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes; includes chewing, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach and segmentation

A

mechanical breakdown

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5
Q

a type of mixing wave that mixes food with digestive juices, makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass against the intestinal wall

A

segmentation

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6
Q

digestive process that involves a series of steps in which enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal break down complex food molecules to their chemical building blocks

A

digestion

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7
Q

main function: where the swallowing process is initiated; food is ingested then chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva that begins the process of digestion

A

the mouth

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8
Q

main function: passes food from the mouth to the stomach, propulsion that starts with deglutition (swallowing)

A

esophagus

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9
Q

main function: temporary food storage tank that start the chemical breakdown of proteins

A

atomach

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10
Q

main function: production of bile

A

liver

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11
Q

main function: supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

A

pancreas

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12
Q

main function: storage of bile

A

gallbladder

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13
Q

main function: major organ of digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

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14
Q

main function: absorbs most of the water remaining in indigestible parts of food, temporarily stores indigestible food, eliminates indigestible food and absorbs metabolites created by bacteria

A

large intestine

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15
Q

What type of macromolecules does the organ digest?
1. mouth
2. stomach
3. liver
4. pancreas
5. gallbladder
6. small intestine
7. large intestine

A
  1. carbohydrates (starch)
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids
  5. lipids
  6. carbs, proteins and nucleic acids
  7. some carbs
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16
Q

major roles: mouth

A

ingestion, propulsion. mechanical breakdown and digestion

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17
Q

major roles: eophagus

A

propulsion via peristalsis

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18
Q

major roles: stomach

A

propulsion, protein digestion, mechanical breakdown, absorption

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19
Q

major roles: liver

A

produces bile that breaks down lipids

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20
Q

major roles: pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice and secretes insulin & glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

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21
Q

major roles: small intestine

A

propulsion via peristalsis, mechanical breakdown via segmentation, digestion and absorption

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22
Q

major roles: large intestine

A

absorption, propulsion and excretion

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23
Q

main subdivisions of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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24
Q

first section of the small intestine, connected to the stomach, curves around the head of the pancreas

A

duodenum

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25
Q

middle portion of the small intestine, major site for nutrient absorption

A

jejunum

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26
Q

final section of the small intestine, joins large intestine at ileocecal valve

A

ileum

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27
Q

most common motion of the small intestine after a meal

A

segmentation

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28
Q

most common motion of small intestine between meals

A

peristalsis

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29
Q

main subdivisions of the large intestine

A
  1. cecum
    2.appendix
    3.colon
  2. rectum
  3. anal canal
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30
Q

first part of the large intestine

A

cecum

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31
Q

mass of lymphoid tissue in the large intestine

A

appendix

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32
Q

types of colons

A

ascending, descending, transverse and sigmoid

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33
Q

last segment of the large intestine that opens body exterior at anus; has 2 sphincters

A

anal canal

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34
Q

innervation of the GI tract

A

enteric nervous system (gut brain) with over 100 million neurons

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35
Q

enteric neurons make up the bulk of?

A

2 intrinsic nerve plexuses that provide nerve supply to the walls of tract and control motility
1. submucosal nerve plexus
2. myenteric nerve plexus

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36
Q

how are intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the GI tract mediated

A

intrinsic (short reflexes) via the enteric nervous system and extrinsic (long reflexes) via CNS

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37
Q

parasympathetic input to the GI tract

A

enhances the digestive process

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38
Q

sympathetic input to the GI tract

A

inhibits digestion

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39
Q

adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternately contract and relax; food is moved distally

A

peristalsis

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40
Q

nonadjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax; food is moved forward and backward

A

segmentation

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41
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: salivary amylase

A

salivary glands in the mouth

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42
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: amylase

A

pancreas

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43
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: proteases

A

the pancreas (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) and the stomach (pepsinogen)

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44
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: lipases

A

created in the pancreas and secreted by chief cells in the stomach

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45
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: bile

A

created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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46
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: pepsin

A

stomach; secretory cells in the gastric glands

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47
Q

which organ creates/ secretes: bicarbonate

A

pancreas, stomach and duodenum

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48
Q

what is the purpose of salivary amylase?

A

begins the breakdown of starch, mastication and hydrolysis

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49
Q

what is the purpose of amylase?

A

breaks down starch or glycogen that made it past salivary amylase

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50
Q

what is the purpose of trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

cleaves the protein into smaller peptides

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51
Q

what is the purpose of carboxypeptidases?

A

cleaves protein into single amino acid monomers

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52
Q

what is the purpose of lipases?

A

breaks down lipids into monoglyceride s plus two free fatty acids

53
Q

what is the purpose of bile?

A

breaks down fat

54
Q

what is the purpose of pepsin?

A

digest proteins

55
Q

what is the purpose of bicarbonate?

A

neutralizes stomach acid entering the duodenum, creates a favorable pH for enzymes

56
Q

which are secreted in their active or inactive form?
1. salivary amylase
2. amylase
3. proteases
4. lipases
5. bile
6. pepsin
7. bicarbonate

A
  1. active
    2.active
    3.inactive
  2. active
  3. active
  4. inactive
  5. active
57
Q

which digestive system secretion or enzymes are secreted in their inactive form?

A

proteases and pepsin

58
Q

how are proteases secreted?

A

inactive to prevent the pancreas from digesting itself; activated in the duodenum by the enzyme enteropeptidase which first activates trypsinogen into trypsin and the trypsin activates carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin

59
Q

how is pepsin secreted?

A

inactive; pepsinogen is activated in the acidic pH range found in the stomach caused by the secretion of HCl via parietal cells of the gastric glands and is inactivated in the high pH of the duodenum

60
Q

what is the name of the venous portion of the splanchnic circulation

A

hepatic portal circulation

61
Q

what is the purpose of the hepatic portal circulation

A

drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and delivers blood to liver for processing before blood is returned to the right atrium

62
Q

unique structural modifications of the stomach

A
  1. rugae
    2.modified muscularis externa
  2. modified mucosa layer
  3. mucosal barrier
63
Q

what is the purpose of the structural modifications of the stomach?

A
  1. rugae- allows the stomach to expand after eating
    2.modified muscularis externa- smooth muscle layers that allow the stomach to churn, mix and move chyme as well as pummel it which increases physical breakdown and pushes it into small intestine
  2. modified mucosa layer- gastric pits and glands to produce gastric juice
  3. mucosal barrier- protects the stomach from harsh digestive conditions
64
Q

structural modifications of the small intestine?

A
  1. circular folds
    2.villi
    3.microvilli
65
Q

what is the purpose of the structural modifications of the small intestine?

A
  1. circular folds allow for more nutrient absorption by slowing chyme through lumen
  2. villi contain capillary bed and lacteal for absorption
  3. microvilli create a brush border that contains enzymes used for final carb and protein digestion
66
Q

what is the most important substance secreted in the stomach

A

intrinsic factor via parietal cells

67
Q

what is the purpose of intrinsic factor

A

needed for B12 absorption which is needed for RBC’s to mature

68
Q

what does lack of intrinsic factor cause

A

pernicious anemia

69
Q

what happens to carbs after they are digested

A

glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries and carried to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

70
Q

fate of carbs after absorption

A

galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the liver to be used for ATP production, stored as glycogen or if excess, converted to fat

71
Q

what happens to proteins after they are digested

A

broken down into amino acids and absorbed into the intestinal capillaries and carried to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

72
Q

fate of proteins after absorption

A

amino acids are used by cells for protein synthesis or can be converted to glucose/ fat

73
Q

what happens to lipids after they are digested

A

broken down into monoglycerides and formed into micelles for absorption by enterocytes-reassembled into triglycerides- packaged into chylomicrons- enter lacteals- transported via the lymph system to the thoracic duct then to the bloodstream at the subclavian vein

74
Q

metabolic functions carried out by bacterial flora in the large intestine

A

fermentation and vitamin synthesis

75
Q

fermentation

A

ferments indigestible carbs and mucin; form short chain fatty acids that are absorbed by the large intestine and can be dispersed to body cells as fuel sources, releases irritating acids and gases

76
Q

vitamin synthesis

A

synthesize B complex and some vitamin K needed by liver to produce clotting factors

77
Q

all of the biochemical reactions inside a cell involving nutrients

A

metabolism

78
Q

synthesis of large molecules from small ones

79
Q

hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones

A

catabolism

80
Q

what is cellular respiration and what is its goal

A

catabolic breakdown of food fuels to form ATP in cells; goal is to trap chemical energy via ATP

81
Q

pathways of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
82
Q

where do the pathways of cellular respiration occur in the cell

A
  1. glycolysis= cytosol
  2. citric acid cycle- mitochondrial matrix
    3.oxidative phosphorylation= inner mitochondrial membrane
83
Q

oxygen requirements for each pathway in cell respiration

A
  1. anaerobic
  2. indirectly uses oxygen
  3. directly uses oxygen
84
Q

carbohydrate reactions

A

glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and glucogenesis

85
Q

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

86
Q

polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

A

glycogenesis

87
Q

hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

A

glycogenolysis

88
Q

forms glucose from noncarbohyrate precursors

A

glucogenesis

89
Q

amino acid reactions

A

transamination, oxidative deamination and keto acid modification

90
Q

transfers an amino acid from an amino acid to alpha-ketoglutaric acid to generate glutamic acid

A

transamination

91
Q

removes an amine group as ammonia from glutamic acid to produce alpha-ketoglutaric acid

A

oxidative deamination

92
Q

lipid reactions

A

beta oxidation, lipolysis and lipogenesis

93
Q

converts fatty acids to acetyl-coA

A

beta oxidation

94
Q

breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

95
Q

forms lipids from acteyl-coA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

lipogenesis

96
Q

what is the importance of vitamins

A

most function as coenzymes; work with an enzyme to accomplish body functions

97
Q

preferred energy source for:
1. brain
2.skeletal muscle
3. cardiac muscle
4.liver
5.adipose tissue
6. kidneys
7. most other tissue

A
  1. glucose
    2.glucose during activity and fatty acids at rest
  2. fatty acids (main), lactate, glucose, and ketones as needed
  3. fatty acids (main), amino acids and glucose
    5.glucose and fatty acids
  4. fatty acids (main) glucose
    7.fatty acids and glucose
98
Q

which can or cannot be stored in the body?
1.carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins

A
  1. stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle
  2. stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
  3. not stored
99
Q

energy yields when each undergoes catabolism?
1.carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins

A

highest; lipids= 9 kcal/g
carbs and proteins= 4 kcal/g

100
Q

structural material made from lipids

A

phospholipids= cell membrane, myelin sheath
cholesterol= cell membrane, steroid hormone synthesis and bile salts

101
Q

which metabolic process dominates in each state?
1.absorptive
2.postabsroptive

A
  1. anabolism- stores nutrients
  2. catabolism
102
Q

main hormone associated with each state?
1.absorptive
2.postabsroptive

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
103
Q

in postabsorptive state some organs shift the fuel they use for metabolism, why?

A

to preserve blood glucose for organs that depend on it like the brain and red blood cells

104
Q

homeostatic balance where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss

A

nitrogen balance

105
Q

what are the two nitrogen imbalances?

A
  1. positive nitrogen balance: synthesis exceeds breakdown; normal in children, regency and tissue repair
  2. negative nitrogen balance: breakdown exceeds synthesis; stress, burns, infections, injury, poor dietary proteins and starvation
106
Q

heat promoting mechanisms

A
  1. constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
    2.shivering
    3.increase in metabolic rate
    4.ehanced release of thyroxine
    5.behavioral modifications
107
Q

heat loss mechanisms

A
  1. dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
  2. sweating
108
Q

three supportive tissue layers surrounding the kidneys

A

renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule

109
Q

purpose of the renal fascia

A

anchors the kidneys and adrenal glands to surrounding structures

110
Q

purpose of the perirenal fat capsule

A

fatty cushion, protects kidneys from trauma

111
Q

purpose of the fibrous capsule

A

prevents infection in surrounding tissue from spreading to the kidneys

112
Q

modifications seen on cells of PCT

A
  1. epithelial cells with many mitochondria- provides energy for active transport and reabsorption
  2. apical surfaces bear dense microvilli that form a brush border- enhance reabsorption
  3. leaky tight junctions- facilitate paracellular transport of ions and water
    4.transport proteins/channels
113
Q

3 processes in the kidneys that form filtrate/urine

A

1.glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion

114
Q

what does glomerular filtration do

A

produces cell and protein free filtrate

115
Q

what does tubular reabsorption do

A

selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts

116
Q

what does tubular secretion do

A

selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

117
Q

pressures that impact filtration through the membrane

A

-net filtration pressure
-outward pressure: hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries
-inward pressure: hydrostatic pressure in capsular space and colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries

118
Q

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular blood pressure; chief force pushing water and solutes out of blood

119
Q

forces that promote filtrate formation

A

outward pressure

120
Q

forces that inhibit filtrate formation

A

inward pressure

121
Q

filtrates pressure in capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure in capsule space

122
Q

volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys

A

glomerular filtration rate

123
Q

normal glomerular filtration rate

A

120-125 ml/min

124
Q

renin

A

an enzyme released by the kidney that raises blood pressure by initiating RAAS

125
Q

what does renin do

A

plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, fluid balance and sodium balance by activating RAAS

126
Q

parts of the nephron under hormonal regulation

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

127
Q

four hormones that regulate reabsorption and secretion

A

ADH, aldosterone, ANP and PTH

BSC 2086 (10 decks)

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