Exam 1 review Flashcards
Define Vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the smooth muscles in their walls; increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure
define vasoconstriction
the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscles in their walls; decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure
define systemic vs local
systemic- affecting the entire body or multiple organ systems
local- restricted to a specific area
define anemia
a condition in which there is a deficiency of RBC’s or hemoglobin in the blood; leads to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and causes fatigue/weakness
define agglutinins
antibodies; proteins in the blood that cause particles to clump together
define interstitial
relating to or occurring in the space between cells in a tissue or organ
define differentiate
the process by which cells develop into specialized types with distinct features
define viscosity
a measure of fluids resistance to flow
what types of body functions does the endocrine system control (5)
-reproduction
-growth and development
-maintenance of electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of blood
-regulation of cell metabolism and energy balance
-immune system
where are hormones secreted, how do they travel in the body
secreted from endocrine glands into surrounding tissues; amino based hormones and water-soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane, steroids are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
name the endocrine glands (5)
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal gland
how do hormones recognize their target cell
based on receptors
1. water soluble hormones act via second messenger systems- bind to cell surface receptors on the plasma membrane
2. lipid soluble hormones (steroids and thyroid) bind to intracellular receptors and activate genes
3 types of endocrine stimuli
- humoral stimuli- hormone release caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients
- neural stimuli- caused by neural input/ preganglionic sympathetic fibers
- hormonal stimuli- caused by another hormone
why is the posterior pituitary gland different
does not make its own hormones-storage place for oxytocin and ADH
Hormone: oxytocin
Where its made:
Effects:
target cell:
feedback mechanism:
-paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
- stimulates uterine contractions, lactation and “cuddle” hormone
-uterine smooth muscles and mammary glands
- acts via the PIP2-Ca2+ system to metabolize Ca2+
-positive feedback mechanism
Hormone: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Where its made:
Effects:
target cell:
feedback mechanism:
-supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
-inhibits uterine formation and promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
- kidney tubules
-negative feedback mechanism
Hormone: growth hormone/ somatotropin
Where its made:
Effects:
target cell:
feedback mechanism:
-produced by somatotropin cells; cells of the anterior pituitary
-increases blood glucose and fat breakdown/ release (metabolism-direct) & triggers liver, skeletal muscle and bone to produce IGFs (growth-indirect)
-liver, muscle, bone
stimulated by GHRH/ghrelin and inhibited by GHIH
-negative feedback
Hormone: thyroid
Where its made:
Effects:
target cell:
feedback mechanism:
-2 types thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
-produced in thyroid gland (T4) and made at target tissue (T3)
-calorigenic, regulates tissue growth/development and maintains BP
T4 is the major form in circulation;T3 is the active form
made and stored in the thyroid gland as thyroglobulin until needed
Hormone: Aldosterone/ Mineralocorticoids
Where its made:
Effects:
target cell:
feedback mechanism:
-zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)
-regulates electrolyte concentration in ECF
-targets kidney tubules
=antagonist; ANP
what are the three signs of DM
- polyuria
2.polydipsia
2.polyphagia
first branch off the aortic arch located in the thoracic cavity; right side branch that further branches into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk
ascend through the neck and divide into external and internal carotid arteries
right-from brachiocephalic trunk
left- from second branch of aortic arch
common carotid arteries
cerebral arterial circle; arterial anastomosis, encircles the pituitary gland optic chiasma
circle of Willis
supplies lateral muscles of the forearm, wrist, thumb and index finger
radial arteries
main arteries supplying the lower limbs
femoral arteries
supplies the ankles and dorsum of the foot
dorsalis pedis arteries
unpaired branch off the aorta with 3 branches
1. common hepatic artery
2. splenic artery
3. left gastric artery
celiac trunk
supplies knee region then splits into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
popliteal artery
superior and inferior
1. superior- branches off the abdominal aorta right under the celiac trunk, enters mesentery and branches supply the small intestine, most of the large intestine and part of the transverse colon
2. inferior- final major branch of abdominal aorta, supplies distal part of the large intestine
mesenteric arteries
branches supply blood to the upper limbs
subclavian arteries
receives blood draining from all areas inferior to the diaphragm; widest blood vessel in the body
inferior vena cava
receives blood draining from all areas superior to the diaphragm except the heart wall
superior vena cava
largest veins draining the head and neck region; merges with the subclavian veins
internal jugular veins
superficial vein on the anterior side of the elbow ; site of peripheral IV
median cubital vein
series of vessels in which 2 separate capillary beds lie between the arterial supply and the final venous drainage
hepatic portal system
flanks the vertebral column laterally, provides collateral venous drainage system for draining the abdominal wall and other areas associated with the IVC
azygos system
receives blood draining from the mammary glands and first two intercostal spaces
brachiocephalic veins
paired veins formed by the joining of internal and external; drains blood from the pelvis and lower limbs into the distal end of the IVC
common iliac veins
drains the kidneys, connect to IVC
renal veins
