Exam 2 (Ch. 22) Flashcards
movement of air into (inspiration) or out of (expiration) the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
exchange of O2 (lungs to blood) and CO2 (blood to lungs)
pulmonary gas exhange
transport of O2 from the lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to blood
transport of respiratory gases
O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood
tissue gas exchange
two zones of lower respiratory system
(1) respiratory zone
(2)conducting zone
what is the respiratory zone
site for gas exchange, contains microscopic structure (bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli)
what is the conducting zone
conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites in the respiratory zone
four pressures involved in pulmonary ventilation
(1) atmospheric pressure
(2) intrapulmonary pressure
(3)intrapleural pressure
(4) transpulmonary pressure
what is transpulmonary pressure
the difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure (Ppul-Pip)
inspiration v expiration (active or passive)
Inspiration- active
expiration- passive
forced expiration - active
factors that keep the lungs from collapsing
(1) negative intrapleural pressure
(2) surfactant
(3) Pleural cavity & fluid
(4) Transpulmonary pressure
substance that impacts alveolar surface tension
surfactant
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
tidal volume
the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
residual volume
factors that influence the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide between lungs and blood (external respiration), and between tissues and blood (internal respiration)
(1) partial pressure gradients- daltons law
(2) thickness & surface area of respiratory membrane
(3) ventilation-profusion coupling
the amount of air that enters and leaves the alveoli
ventilation
the amount of blood flow in pulmonary capillaries that flows to the alveolar capillaries
Perfusion
ways oxygen is carried in the blood
(1) dissolved in plasma 1.5%
(2) loosely bound to Hemoglobin 98.5%
which factor that can influence the association/binding/affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin has the greatest influence
PO2-amount of oxygen available
other factors thatinfluence the association/binding/affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin
increase in temp, blood pH, PCO2 and the amount of BPG in the blood
ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
(1)dissolved in plasma 7-10%
(2) chemically bound to HB 20%
(3) as bicarbonate ions in plasma 70%
Chemical factors that influence breathing rate and depth – which is most influential
-Changing levels of PCO2, PO2 and pH
-CO2 is the most potent and most closely controlled
mucosa covered projections that protrude medially from lateral walls of the nasal cavity
nasal conchae
ring around the nasal cavities located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones; air filled mucosa lined cavities embedded in cranial bones that surrounds the nasal cavity, may aid in warming and filtering incoming air, lightens the weight of the skull, secretes mucus
paranasal sinuses
muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6; connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
pharynx
extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra; superior end attaches to hyoid bone
larynx (voice box)
large hyaline cartilage that resembles an upright open book
thyroid cartilage
ring shaped hyaline cartilage
cricoid cartilage
mucosal folds that function in voice production; contain elastic fibers that appear white due to lack of blood vessels, folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
trachea (windpipe)
last tracheal cartilage at the point where the trachea branches into two main bronchi
carina
a potential space between the two layers of pleura (which form double-layered sac that surrounds a lung); contains a thin film of lubricating serous fluid
pleural cavity
branching at inferior end of trachea
Main bronchi (right & left)
2 lobes (superior & inferior) separated by the oblique fissure; smaller than the right lung because of the position of the heart on the left side
left lung
3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior) where the superior and middle lobe are separated by the horizontal fissure and the middle and inferior lobes are sepearted by the oblique fissure
right lung
branching bronchi that make up the air passageways in the lungs; has a conducting and respiratory zone
bronchial tree
smallest branching air passageways inside the lungs; marks the end of the conducting zone
terminal bronchioles
