Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Avg IQ Score
100
Below-Average IQ
70-75
Stability of IQ Scores
relatively stable after early childhood
Flynn Effect
+3 IQ points per decade since 1940
Bias in IQ Test Scores
lower scores for African-American & Latino children
absent when controlling for race & SES
Intellectual Functioning (intelligence)
mental quality including abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts
Adaptive Functioning
how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands
conceptual-reading and writing
social-self-esteem
practical-daily activities like eating
occupational-maintain safe enviornment
3 Criteria for Intellectual Disability
deficits in intellectual functioning
deficits in adaptive functioning
onset of deficits occur during developmental period (prior to 18)
no specific IQ scores required for diagnosis
Mild Severity (ID)
85% of people
not identifiable until elementary
may have modest delays in expressive language
peer relationships challenging
academic skills by teen years
live successfully in community as adults
Moderate Severity (ID)
10% of people
identified in pre-school
more limited communication skills
benefit from training in social & occupational skills
deficits in social skills
can perform supervised, unskilled work as adult
Severe Severity (ID)
4% of people
generally identified young
results from 1 or more organic causes of impairment
may have physical mobility
very limited communication
need special assistance throughout their lives
Profound Severity (ID)
2% of people
identified in infancy
1 or more organs causes
only learn rudimentary communication skill
requires intensive trading for eating, grooming
have severe co-ocuring medical conditions
requires life long care
Prevalence of Intellectual Disability
approx. 1-3% of population
twice as many males than females
more prevalent in kids with low SES
More severe cases identified equally
Eugenics Movement
artificial selection to “improve” humanity
attempt to remove from gene pool
early movements for intelligence testing
Stigma in Terminology
feeble-minded
mentally retarded
now: intellectual disability
Organic Group
clear biological basis
severe and profound intellectual disability
Cultural-Familial Group
no clear organic basis
mild & moderate intellectual disability
Etiology of Mild Vs. Severe Cases
more several levels: 96% Clear etiology
milder levels: 32% clear etiology
gender/environmental causes = 2/3rds severe intellectual disability
Types of Risk Factors (ID)
biomedical-prematurity
social- lack of access to care
behavioral-parental abandonment
educational-no education about parenting
Genetic Factors (ID)
IQ= 50% heritable
includes
Down Syndrome
Fragile-X Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome § Angelman Syndrome
Phenylketonuria
Down Syndrome
failure of 21st pair of mom’s chromosome to seperate
Fragile-X Syndrome
Caused by gene on X chromosome; causes unusual social & communicaron benaviors (resemble autism)
Prader-Willi syndrome
Short stature, ID, incomplete sexual development, spontaneous birth defect
Angelman Syndrome
moderare-svre ID, gross motor
movemement problems, spontaneous birth defect
Phenylketonuria
Can prevent single gene coding
Neurobiological Factors(ID)
Adverse bio-conditions: infections, traumas
Teratogen: any agent that adversely affects prenatal development
Includes fetal alcohol spectrum and fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Any level of alcohol use; umbrella term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Ethanol block receptors in brain
Impair blood flow
Low birth weight, ID, etc
Optimal Timing of ID intervention ?
Pre-school years
Prevention Focus for ID
ID related to FAS and rubella can be prevented
Prenatal programs
Social skills in children during development
Self-instruction techniques (ID)
Self-instruction techniques involve the use of self-statements to direct or self-regulate behavior (Graham et al., 1992). Put simply, children quite literally learn to “talk themselves through” a task or activity.
Metacognitive Training
Metacognition is the process by which learners use knowledge of the task at hand, knowledge of learning strategies, and knowledge of themselves to plan their learning, monitor their progress towards a learning goal, and then evaluate the outcome
Family-oriented Training
Helps family cope with
Some kids with ID benefit from out-of-home care
Inclusion movement includes kids with ID in classroom
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bio-based neurodevelopment disorder presents in 1st year of life
Characterized by abnormalities in social behavior,language and communication skills as unusual behavior/interests
ASD Level 1
High functioning
Requiring Support
Difficultly initiating social interactions
Organization and planning problem
ASD Level 2
Requiring substantial support
Obvious problems with social interactions
Social interactions limited to narrow special interest
Frequent restricted/repetitive patterns