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Abnormal Child Psych > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Equifinality

A

Multiple pathways lead to one outcome. (i.e genetics, environmental and more can cause depression)

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2
Q

Multifiniality

A

Various outcomes come from similar beginnings. (i.e. child who gets bullied may develop conduct problems or may turn out normal functioning)

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3
Q

Risk factors

A

Variable that precedes a negative outcome (i.e. poverty, child abuse, maltreatment, genetics of parent with mental illness)

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4
Q

Protective factors

A

personal/situational variable that mitigate the risk of child developing abnormal behavior (i.e. positive-parent child relationship, close friendships, success at school)

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

allow individual to attend to one thing while suppressing irrelevant information

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6
Q

Sustained attention

A

vigilance=core feature, ability to keep attention on task

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7
Q

Alerting

A

how we respond to stimulus

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8
Q

Cognitive Impulsivity

A

inability to weigh consequences of immediate and future events, delay gratification

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9
Q

Behavioral impulsivity

A

what adults have issue with; act on behavior without thinking

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10
Q

Emotional impulsivity/dysregulation

A

impatience, problems self-regulating primary emotional response

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11
Q

ADHD-PI

A

predominantly inattentive; most common in children

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12
Q

ADHD-HI

A

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; rare

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13
Q

ADHD-C

A

combined presentation, both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive; most common in clinical setting

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14
Q

Gender differences of ADHD

A

diagnosed more often in boys(6-9%) than girls(2-4%); girls present symptoms differently that boys who are more overt

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15
Q

Developmental course of ADHD
(Infancy>Adulthood)

A

Infancy: likely symptoms present at birth but no reliable method to test before 3
Preschool: hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms more present at this age
Elementary:symptoms more evident, OD behaviors increase, defiance and hostility may become serious problems
Adolescence: some outgrow problems, 50% don’t and have serious impairments.
Adulthood: well-established as adult disorder, some outgrow problems, many cope with symptoms some do not and have problems in new domains (i.e traffic violations, work difficulties)

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16
Q

Cognitive & Academic Factors of ADHD

A

general deficit in executive function, lower productivity, grades; IQ typically average

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17
Q

Health & Family Factors of ADHD

A

enuresis and encopresis, asthma, sleep disturbances; 50% accident prone

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18
Q

Social Functioning of ADHD

A

Often bullied by peers, higher rates of substance use and early, risky sexual behaviors

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19
Q

Genetics Theory (ADHD)

A

no one gene is cause of ADHD; if parent has ADHD=60% chance of child having it; difficult to disentangle environmental factors (substance use in pregnancy) with ADHD

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20
Q

Neurobiological Theory (ADHD)

A

Problems with Frontostriatal circuitry of brain which control executive functions, motivation, sustained attention

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21
Q

Family Factors Theory (ADHD)

A

family influences may lead to ADHD symptoms or greater severity

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22
Q

Parent Management Training

A

corporal punishment associated with increased aggression; training provides parents with skills to manage child’s oppositional and noncompliant behaviors, cope with emotional demands of raising child with ADHD

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23
Q

ADHD Medication

A

stimulants used; increase blood flow to frontostriatal parts of brain

24
Q

School Based Interventions

A

The behavioral classroom management approach encourages a student’s positive behaviors in the classroom, through a reward systems or a daily report card, and discourages their negative behaviors.

25
Childhood onset Conduct Disorder
have one symptom of CD before the age of 10; more likely to be boys and more aggressive
26
Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorder
less likely to commit violent crimes; can be boys or girls
27
ODD>CD
ODD typically emerges 2-3 years before CD, 1/2 kids with CD have no prior ODD
28
Snares
outcome of antisocial behavior that restrict opportunities (homelessness, not graduating)
29
ODD Characteristics
age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of behavior of stubborn/defiant behaviors appears by age 8 angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviors, vindictiveness need 4 symptoms for 6 months
30
CD Characteristics
repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior; major age inappropriate behavior presence of 3/15 criteria for year with one present in last 6 months aggression to people and animals destruction of property deceitfulness/theft
31
Gender differences ODD/CD
More common in boys than girls; girls more likely to spread gossip and show CP in different ways, gender gap wider in childhood and narrows in adolescence
32
Callous-unemotional traits
lack of empathy, linked with high narcism
33
Major Causes of Conduct Problems
major life events: child abuse strong predictor for CD Family: parenting behaviors that are harsh and inconsistent related with conduct problems peers: more likely to experience peer rejection
34
Hostile attribution bias
a type of cognitive bias where individuals tend to interpret the behavior of others in various situations as threatening, aggressive, or both.
35
Associated Characteristics of Conduct Problems
high levels of conflict common in families, verbal deficits present early underachievement in academics, poor social skills and poor self-esteem, high risk of personal injury and drug use
36
Comorbidity of CD/ODD
ADHD (50% have CD), depression and anxiety common
37
Coercive Cycle of parent-child interactions
parent and child coercive interactions can be reinforced and strengthened over time (child throws tantrum over screen, parent gives screen back to child)
38
Treatment for CD
parent management training can improve parent-child interactions multi systemic therapy focuses on multiple systems and specifically seeks to address disturbing behaviors on the parts of the juvenile offenders, their families and their peers
39
Why is depression under diagnosed in kids?
assumed depression was not in children, childhood seen as happy portion of life, why would they be depressed
40
Developmental course of Depression (preschool>preteens)
Preschool:somber, passive, unresponsive School-age:increasing irritability and disruptive behavior; physical symptoms (i.e stomachaches) Preteens: self-blame, low self-esteem; feel isolated from family
41
MDD
minimum duration 2 weeks; depressed irritable mood, loss of interest (1 of 2 necessary) 5 or more symptoms (significant weight loss, insomnia 2-8% exp. MDD, rare in preschool and school-age kids age of onset 13-15 chance of reoccurrence for 5yrs= 75% 90% or more have another disorder(anxiety) no gender difference until puberty
42
PDD
symptoms of depressed mood occur on most days and last 1 yr 3 symptoms total with one somatic symptom (unhappy and irritable mood) poor emotion regulation lower rate of P-DD than MDD; most comorbid disorder=MDD
43
BPD
unusually and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, alternating w/ one or more major depressive episode history of psychotic symptoms, may require hospitalization typical onset 15-19yrs old difficult to diagnose in kids, milder bipolar II and cyclothymic more common
44
Behavioral Theory of Depression
depression related to lack of positive reinforcement youth unable to experience reinforcement changes in environment youth may lack skills
45
Cognitive Theory of Depression
focus on relationship between negative thinking and mood internal, stable, global Negative triad, view of self, view of future, view of world depressogenic cognitions
46
Depression (symptom)
feeling sad or miserable
47
Depression (syndrome)
group of symptoms that occur together more often than by chance
48
Depression (disorder)
MDD, P-DD, etc
49
Associated Characteristics of Depression
difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, poor academic performance, most youth with depression think about suicide, feelings of worthlessness
50
Causes of Depression
Genetics: 3x more likely to have depression if parents have it Neurobiological: HPA-axis dysregulation, heightened sensitivity to stress
51
Treatment of Depression
CBT and IPT most effective cognitive therapy-teaches youth to identify and modify negative thoughts behavior therapy-increase pleasurable activities for more reinforcement
52
Mania
distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity/energy symptoms present for one week (Bipolar I)
53
Hypomania
less severe than mania symptoms for 4 days, no impairment or hospitalization
54
Causes of BPD
one of the most highly heritable mental disorders
55
Treatment of BPD
no cure; manage symptoms multimodal treatment most effective lithium used but must be monitored
56
Dimensional Approach of CD
covert-truancy, skipping school overt- assault, fights destructive-theft, vandalism nondestructive- annoying people

Abnormal Child Psych (7 decks)

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