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Abnormal Child Psych > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Equifinality

A

Multiple pathways lead to one outcome. (i.e genetics, environmental and more can cause depression)

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2
Q

Multifiniality

A

Various outcomes come from similar beginnings. (i.e. child who gets bullied may develop conduct problems or may turn out normal functioning)

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3
Q

Risk factors

A

Variable that precedes a negative outcome (i.e. poverty, child abuse, maltreatment, genetics of parent with mental illness)

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4
Q

Protective factors

A

personal/situational variable that mitigate the risk of child developing abnormal behavior (i.e. positive-parent child relationship, close friendships, success at school)

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

allow individual to attend to one thing while suppressing irrelevant information

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6
Q

Sustained attention

A

vigilance=core feature, ability to keep attention on task

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7
Q

Alerting

A

how we respond to stimulus

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8
Q

Cognitive Impulsivity

A

inability to weigh consequences of immediate and future events, delay gratification

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9
Q

Behavioral impulsivity

A

what adults have issue with; act on behavior without thinking

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10
Q

Emotional impulsivity/dysregulation

A

impatience, problems self-regulating primary emotional response

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11
Q

ADHD-PI

A

predominantly inattentive; most common in children

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12
Q

ADHD-HI

A

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; rare

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13
Q

ADHD-C

A

combined presentation, both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive; most common in clinical setting

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14
Q

Gender differences of ADHD

A

diagnosed more often in boys(6-9%) than girls(2-4%); girls present symptoms differently that boys who are more overt

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15
Q

Developmental course of ADHD
(Infancy>Adulthood)

A

Infancy: likely symptoms present at birth but no reliable method to test before 3
Preschool: hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms more present at this age
Elementary:symptoms more evident, OD behaviors increase, defiance and hostility may become serious problems
Adolescence: some outgrow problems, 50% don’t and have serious impairments.
Adulthood: well-established as adult disorder, some outgrow problems, many cope with symptoms some do not and have problems in new domains (i.e traffic violations, work difficulties)

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16
Q

Cognitive & Academic Factors of ADHD

A

general deficit in executive function, lower productivity, grades; IQ typically average

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17
Q

Health & Family Factors of ADHD

A

enuresis and encopresis, asthma, sleep disturbances; 50% accident prone

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18
Q

Social Functioning of ADHD

A

Often bullied by peers, higher rates of substance use and early, risky sexual behaviors

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19
Q

Genetics Theory (ADHD)

A

no one gene is cause of ADHD; if parent has ADHD=60% chance of child having it; difficult to disentangle environmental factors (substance use in pregnancy) with ADHD

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20
Q

Neurobiological Theory (ADHD)

A

Problems with Frontostriatal circuitry of brain which control executive functions, motivation, sustained attention

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21
Q

Family Factors Theory (ADHD)

A

family influences may lead to ADHD symptoms or greater severity

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22
Q

Parent Management Training

A

corporal punishment associated with increased aggression; training provides parents with skills to manage child’s oppositional and noncompliant behaviors, cope with emotional demands of raising child with ADHD

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23
Q

ADHD Medication

A

stimulants used; increase blood flow to frontostriatal parts of brain

24
Q

School Based Interventions

A

The behavioral classroom management approach encourages a student’s positive behaviors in the classroom, through a reward systems or a daily report card, and discourages their negative behaviors.

25
Q

Childhood onset Conduct Disorder

A

have one symptom of CD before the age of 10; more likely to be boys and more aggressive

26
Q

Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorder

A

less likely to commit violent crimes; can be boys or girls

27
Q

ODD>CD

A

ODD typically emerges 2-3 years before CD, 1/2 kids with CD have no prior ODD

28
Q

Snares

A

outcome of antisocial behavior that restrict opportunities (homelessness, not graduating)

29
Q

ODD Characteristics

A

age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of behavior of stubborn/defiant behaviors
appears by age 8
angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviors, vindictiveness
need 4 symptoms for 6 months

30
Q

CD Characteristics

A

repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior; major age inappropriate behavior
presence of 3/15 criteria for year with one present in last 6 months
aggression to people and animals
destruction of property
deceitfulness/theft

31
Q

Gender differences ODD/CD

A

More common in boys than girls; girls more likely to spread gossip and show CP in different ways, gender gap wider in childhood and narrows in adolescence

32
Q

Callous-unemotional traits

A

lack of empathy, linked with high narcism

33
Q

Major Causes of Conduct Problems

A

major life events: child abuse strong predictor for CD
Family: parenting behaviors that are harsh and inconsistent related with conduct problems
peers: more likely to experience peer rejection

34
Q

Hostile attribution bias

A

a type of cognitive bias where individuals tend to interpret the behavior of others in various situations as threatening, aggressive, or both.

35
Q

Associated Characteristics of Conduct Problems

A

high levels of conflict common in families, verbal deficits present early underachievement in academics, poor social skills and poor self-esteem, high risk of personal injury and drug use

36
Q

Comorbidity of CD/ODD

A

ADHD (50% have CD), depression and anxiety common

37
Q

Coercive Cycle of parent-child interactions

A

parent and child coercive interactions can be reinforced and strengthened over time (child throws tantrum over screen, parent gives screen back to child)

38
Q

Treatment for CD

A

parent management training can improve parent-child interactions
multi systemic therapy focuses on multiple systems and specifically seeks to address disturbing behaviors on the parts of the juvenile offenders, their families and their peers

39
Q

Why is depression under diagnosed in kids?

A

assumed depression was not in children, childhood seen as happy portion of life, why would they be depressed

40
Q

Developmental course of Depression
(preschool>preteens)

A

Preschool:somber, passive, unresponsive
School-age:increasing irritability and disruptive behavior; physical symptoms (i.e stomachaches)
Preteens: self-blame, low self-esteem; feel isolated from family

41
Q

MDD

A

minimum duration 2 weeks; depressed irritable mood, loss of interest (1 of 2 necessary)
5 or more symptoms (significant weight loss, insomnia
2-8% exp. MDD, rare in preschool and school-age kids
age of onset 13-15 chance of reoccurrence for 5yrs= 75%
90% or more have another disorder(anxiety)
no gender difference until puberty

42
Q

PDD

A

symptoms of depressed mood occur on most days and last 1 yr
3 symptoms total with one somatic symptom (unhappy and irritable mood)
poor emotion regulation
lower rate of P-DD than MDD; most comorbid disorder=MDD

43
Q

BPD

A

unusually and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, alternating w/ one or more major depressive episode
history of psychotic symptoms, may require hospitalization
typical onset 15-19yrs old
difficult to diagnose in kids, milder bipolar II and cyclothymic more common

44
Q

Behavioral Theory of Depression

A

depression related to lack of positive reinforcement
youth unable to experience reinforcement
changes in environment
youth may lack skills

45
Q

Cognitive Theory of Depression

A

focus on relationship between negative thinking and mood
internal, stable, global
Negative triad, view of self, view of future, view of world
depressogenic cognitions

46
Q

Depression (symptom)

A

feeling sad or miserable

47
Q

Depression (syndrome)

A

group of symptoms that occur together more often than by chance

48
Q

Depression (disorder)

A

MDD, P-DD, etc

49
Q

Associated Characteristics of Depression

A

difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, poor academic performance, most youth with depression think about suicide, feelings of worthlessness

50
Q

Causes of Depression

A

Genetics: 3x more likely to have depression if parents have it
Neurobiological: HPA-axis dysregulation, heightened sensitivity to stress

51
Q

Treatment of Depression

A

CBT and IPT most effective
cognitive therapy-teaches youth to identify and modify negative thoughts
behavior therapy-increase pleasurable activities for more reinforcement

52
Q

Mania

A

distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity/energy
symptoms present for one week
(Bipolar I)

53
Q

Hypomania

A

less severe than mania
symptoms for 4 days, no impairment or hospitalization

54
Q

Causes of BPD

A

one of the most highly heritable mental disorders

55
Q

Treatment of BPD

A

no cure; manage symptoms
multimodal treatment most effective
lithium used but must be monitored

56
Q

Dimensional Approach of CD

A

covert-truancy, skipping school
overt- assault, fights
destructive-theft, vandalism
nondestructive- annoying people

Abnormal Child Psych (7 decks)

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