Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Anxiety
future-oriented; lack of control over upcoming events
Fear
present-oriented; specific focus, short-term
Panic
fear response in absence of specific threat
fight/flight/freeze response
in response to fear, can be triggered by panic
Physical signs of anxiety
increased heart rate, fatigue, nausea, dizziness
Cognitive signs of anxiety
thoughts of beings scared, difficulty concentrating, blanking out
Behavioral signs of anxiety
avoidance, crying, tantrums, nail biting, stuttering
Gender differences for Anxiety Disorders
greater prevalence in girls than boys
Temperament Theory
variations in reactions to new situations due to brain chemistry, low behavioral inhibtion
Family Factors Theory
higher levels of family dysfunction= more severe anxiety; over involved and intrusive parents have more anxious kids
parents expectations can have kids less capable to cope
Behavioral perspective theory
two-factor theory: learned via classical conditioning and maintained w/ operant
Classical:
1. object of fear
2.anxious reaction
Operant:
3. unpleasant feeling
4. escape/avoidance
5. comfort/consoling
Seperation Anxiety
age-inappropraite, excessive anxiety about being apart from parents(early childhood)
one of most common childhood anxiety disorders
onset: 7-8 is erliest
2/3rds will develop another disorder
Social Anxiety
marked, persistent fear of social performance that expose child to embarrassment (mid-adolescent)
common fear=doing something in front of others
onset: early mid-adolescent
Selective Mutism
failure to talk in specific social situations even though they speak at home (early/middle childhood)
onset: 3-4yrs
May be accompaniedby oppositional behavior
may be extreme social phobia but different than social anxiety
Panic Disorder
marked with panic attacks; rare in young children more common in adolescents
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive, uncontrollable anxiety & worry; worry about minor occurrences
accompanied by at least 1 somatic symptom
equally common in boys and girls
onset: early adolescence
Agoraphobia
fear/anxiety in certain places and situations (using public transportation, being in enclosed spaces)
fear of having panic-like symptoms in situations where escape is unavoidable
onset: late adolescence
Specific Phobia
persistent, irrational fear that leads to avoidance of feared object & causes impairment (middle childhood)
onset:7-9yrs
OCD
characterized by recurrent obsessions (persistent and intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive, purposeful behaviors)
have to be time-consuming and take up 1hr per day at least
more common in boys
onset:9-12; peaks early adolescence
Behavioral Therapy (anxiety)
exposure to feared stimulus
evoke anxious reaction
no escape/avoidance
habituate to simulus
introduce contingencies that reinforce “bravery”
anxiety hierachry=graded exposure
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (anxiety)
combines elements of behavior therapy plus
emotion identification and rating
coping strategies(relaxation)
parents as models and supports
Neglect
most prevalent form of abuse; does not involve violence, failure to provide
Physical abuse
injuries result from over discipline
Sexual abuse
exploiting child to sexually explicit material/asking child to engage in sex
occurs in 1 in 6 boys; perpetrators abuse both boys and girls
Demographic Characteristics of Maltreatment
abuse occurs across SES & race/ethnicity
occurs in boys and girls
Characteristics of a Healthy Family
knowledge of child development & experiences
adequate coping skills
“normal” parent-child attachment & communication
behavior management skills
shared parenting responsibilities
access to social & health services
available support
Traumatic Event
exposure to actual/threatened harm or fear of death/injury
(i.e physical & sexual abuse)
Stressful Event
more common & less extreme’ may be single event or involve multiple ongoing events
(i.e breaking up w/ partner, failing exam)
Maltreatment
any act/failure to act as parent which results in death, serious physical/emotional harm, sexual abuse, imminent risk
maltreatment NOT abnormal behavior, it’s a risk factor
Emotional Abuse
calling child degrading name, telling child they are worthless, etc
Emotional neglect
marked inattention for child’s need for affection, lack of supervision
Medical neglect
refusal/delay in seeking healthcare
Educational neglect
chronic truancy
Moral neglect
allowing child to engage in crime
Child Characteristics for Maltreatment
younger kids more at risk for abuse & neglect; older kids more at risk for sexual abuse
except for sexual abuse, victimization rate is inversely related
maltreatment even in boys and girls
sexual abuse victims = 80% female
Family Characteristics for Maltreatment
forms of maltreatment occur more during periods of stress
maltreatment not caused by severe forms of adult psychopathy
many abusive caregivers had abusive parents/difficult childhoods
lack of child-rearing & info-processing skills as well as strategies to cope with stress and anger
Poverty & Maltreatment
poverty associated with severe restrictions in environment
disadvantage>stress/limited options>impair coping
Protective Factors for youth experiencing Maltreatment
positive relationship with one important, consistent person
Impact of removal from home
children need stable environment to adapt successfully
removing child can be another source of stress
hyperresponsive reactions
releasing more cortisol to mundane stress
hyporespontsive reactions
system so overwhelmed it is not even turning on
emotion dysregulation
have difficulty understanding, labeling and regulating internal emotional states
remain more fearful and on alert
abused kids tend to make hostile attributions
girls show more internalizing signs
boys show more externalizing signs
Revictimization and maltreatment
development and self-actualization severely compromised
youth who grow up in violent home report more violence toward their partners
Reactive Attachment Disorder
consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adults
persistent social and emotional disturbance
child experiences patterns of extreme/insufficent care
age:9mos-5yrs
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adult
age group:9mos-5yrs
PTSD
exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
presecene of one or more intrusion symptoms
persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with event
negative alterations in cognitions in mood associated with event
marked alterations in arousal
specify if
depersonalization or derealization
Acute Stress Disorder
development during/within 1 month after exposure to traumatic stressor of 9 symptoms associated with intrusion
Adjustment Disorder
development of emotional symptoms in response to identifiable stressors occurring within 3 months
Trauma-Focused CBT
Psychoeducation & Parenting Skills
Relaxation techniques
Affective expression & regulation
Cognitive coping & processing
Trauma narrative
In vivo exposure
Conjoint parent/child sessions
Enhancing personal safety &Future growth
Importance of Sleep
sleep is primary activity of brain in 1st yrs of life
essential for brain development and regulation
Common Sleep Problems across Development (preschool>adolescents)
infants & toddlers:night-waking problems
preschoolers:more falling asleep problems
school-aged:going-to-bed problems
adolescents:increased need for sleep, likely getting less sleep
Sleep deprivation
impairs functioning of prefrontal cortex
decreased concentration
poor impulse inhibition
irritability and mood lability
Link btwn Sleep and Psychological Problems
bidirectional relationship btwn sleep problems and psychological issues
Dysomnias
disorders of initiating/maintaining sleep
difficulty getting enough sleep
disruptions in sleep process
common in childhood with exception of narcolepsy
Disorders: insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related disorders, circadian rhythm disorders,hypersomnoience disorder
Parasomnias
disorders in which behavioral or psychological events intrude ongoing sleep
complaints of unusual behavior
common in early-mid-childhood
Disorders:nightmare disorders, sleep terrors, sleepwalking
Sleep Disorder Treatment
sleep hygiene (keeping bed just for sleep, etc) lower stress during daytime
Chronic Illness
lasts longer than 3 months orregular hospitalization of 1 month
Internalizing Symptoms
anxiety, depressive, & PTSD symptoms
Externalizing Symptoms
can complicate medical management
Chronic Illness impacts on family
parents & siblings at risk for adjustment difficulties
Pediatric Psychology
emerged to fill unmet needs for services in pediatric settings like hospitals
work with health promotion and prevention
Enuresis
repeated voiding of urine during day and at night in bed or clothes
at least 2x per week for 3 months
cause significant distress
causes: bladder dysfunction, UTI, excessive nocturnal urine bc of low levels of vasopressin
Treatment of Enuresis
Diurnal: behavioral rehearsal-child practices going to toilet
overcorrection- child washes their clothes, dries, & folds it
Nocturnal: desmopressin
urine alarm-use of wet-detection alarm
dry-bed training- awakening child once per night before wake time
Encopresis
involuntary loss of formed, semi-formed, or liquid stool in inappropriate places
at least once per month for 3 months
have to consider constipation
causes: avoiding, suppressing body’s signals
can result in megacolon
Treatment of Encopresis
emphasis on positive reinforcement of going to bathroom (operant conditioning)
Most common substance used in adolescents?
Alcohol
