Exam 3 - Respiratory System

Question 1

The fraction of all the hemoglobin that is in the form of HbO2.

Answer 1

Percentage hemoglobin saturation.

Question 2

What determines the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin?

Answer 2

Percentage of saturation of hemoglobin and the total amount of hemoglobin present.

Question 3

A lower-than-normal amount of hemoglobin in blood.

Answer 3

Anemia

Question 4

How is the percentage of hemoglobin saturation altered by an increase in partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 4

Saturation increase

Question 5

At what point is blood almost completely saturated with oxygen?

Answer 5

When it is arterial blood.

Question 6

Factors that shift the dissociation curve (i.e. influence hemoglobin saturation).

Answer 6

Changes in temperature/acidity/BPG level

Question 7

How does a more acidic solution effect affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Answer 7

Decreases affinity (i.e. moves curve to the right)

Question 8

What response to an increase in cellular activity of a metabolically active tissue makes it easier for oxygen to enter?

Answer 8

The increase in cellular activity means that more energy is being produced therefore more carbon dioxide is being produced (i.e. by-product). The bicarbonate buffer sysem will activate increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions therefore increasing pH. This increase in acidity decrease oxygen’s affinity to Hb allowing more oxygen to enter the tissues.

Question 9

How does an increase in temperature change Hb’s affinity for oxygen?

Answer 9

Decrease affinity of Hb for oxygen

Question 10

How does an increase in BPG change Hb’s affinity for oxygen?

Answer 10

Decrease affinity of Hb for oxygen

Question 11

About how much of carbon dioxide is transported by Hb? How much is transported by plasma?

Answer 11

23%; 7%

Question 12

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported?

Answer 12

Bicarbonate ion

Question 13

Enzyme the catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 13

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 14

Structure in the brain that generate the breathing rhythm.

Answer 14

Medulla oblongata

Question 15

Structure that collects and sends information that controls the rate of output of the inspiratory neurons.

Answer 15

Chemoreceptors

Question 16

Signals that act on chemoreceptors associated with inspiratory neurons.

Answer 16

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions

Question 17

Chemoreceptors that control the ventilation of oxygen.

Answer 17

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

Question 18

True/False: Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxygen bound to hemoglobin.

Answer 18

False, dissolved oxygen

Question 19

The potency of carbon dioxide and hydrogen as a stimuli for breathing are [, =] oxygen.

Answer 19

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Question 20

Cells in the medulla oblongata that monitor hydrogen ion concentration of the brain’s ECF (i.e. stimulated by an increase in hydrogen ion levels)

Answer 20

Central chemoreceptors

Question 21

What detects changes in blood hydrogen ion concentrations?

Answer 21

Carotid and aortic bodies

Question 22

Inadequate oxygen at the cellular level.

Answer 22

Hypoxia

Question 23

Decreased blood pH due to lack of carbon dioxide elimation by the respiratory system (i.e. hypoventilaion or lung disease)

Answer 23

Respiratory acidosis

Question 24

Increase blood pH due to respiratory system’s elimination of too much carbon dioxide (i.e. hyperventilation)

Answer 24

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 25

Decreased blood pH due to something other than a primary change in partial pressure of carbon dixoide.

Answer 25

Metabolic acidosis

Question 26

Increased blood pH due to something other than a primary change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Answer 26

Metabolic alkalosis