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COB - Physiology I > Exam 3 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The formed elements of blood.

A

Erythrocytes/RBCs, leukocytes/WBCs, and plateletes/thrombocytes.

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2
Q

Liquid formed elements of blood are suspended in.

A

Plasma

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3
Q

The percentage of blood volume that is RBCs.

A

Hematocrit

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4
Q

Normal blood volume of an adult.

A

5 Liters

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5
Q

Average hematocrit of an adult.

A

39-43%

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6
Q

Motion of blood through the vessels.

A

Bulk flow

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7
Q

Branches of arteries.

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

Branches of veins

A

Venules

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9
Q

Structure that allows substances to enter and leave blood by crossing its walls.

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

Structures that form capillaries.

A

Smallest arterioles

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11
Q

Pulmonary circulation of blood.

A

Right ventricle => Pulmonary trunk (i.e. divides into r/l pulmonary arteries => pulmonary capilaries => pulmonary veins (4) => left atrium

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12
Q

Systemic ciculation of blood.

A

Left ventricle => Aorta => Systemic capillaries => Superior and inferior venae cavae => Right atrium

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13
Q

Circuit that allows blood to go from the systemic veins to the systemic arteries.

A

Pulmonary circuit

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14
Q

Does more blood pass through the systemic than the pulmonary circuit in a given volume of time?

A

No

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15
Q

Sac that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

Extra outer layer around the heart.

A

Fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue forming the bulk of the heart walls.

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

Divides the heart longitudinally into two functionally halves (i.e. each half contains an upper atrium and lower ventricle)

A

Interventricular septum

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19
Q

True/False: Blood normally flows between two atria or two ventricles.

A

False

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20
Q

Recieves blood pumped via the right heart.

A

Lungs

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21
Q

Recieves blood pumped via the left heart.

A

Other organs than the lungs (i.e. the systemic circuit)

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22
Q

A weak primer pump for each ventricle.

A

Atrium

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23
Q

Structures that allow blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but not vice versa.

A

Atrioventricular valves

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24
Q

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A

Tricuspid valve

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25
Q

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

A

Bicuspid valve

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26
Q

True/False: Opening and closing of a valve (i.e. AV or semilunar) is an active process caused by the pressure differences across the valve.

A

False: It is a passive process

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27
Q

Structures that allow blood to flow from ventricle to outflow tube (i.e. pulmonary trunk or aorta) but not vice versa.

A

Semilunar valves

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28
Q

Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

A

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

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29
Q

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

A

Aortic (semilunar) valve

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30
Q

Inappropriate pushing of an AV valve into an atrium.

A

Prolapse

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31
Q

Fibrous cords that prevent prolapse.

A

Chordae tendineae

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32
Q

Muscles of the heart that limit the movement of the AV valves (i.e. do not open/close valves).

A

Papillary muscles

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33
Q

True/False: Chordae tendinae are not attached to semilunar valves.

A

True

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34
Q

Arterial branches coming off of the aorta that are the heart muscle’s blood supply.

A

Coronary arteries

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35
Q

Electrical event that causes contraction in the heart (i.e. a mechanical event).

A

Depolarization

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36
Q

Electrical event that causes relaxation in the heart (i.e. mechanical event).

A

Repolarization

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37
Q

Fill in: All the cardiac muscle fibers of a given chamber must contract almost ___ to produce a single, coordinated squeezing action therefore they must ___ almost simultaneously.

A

Simultaneously; depolarize

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38
Q

Specialized communicating junctions (i.e. formed from protein channels/tubes) between adjacent cardiac muscle cells that permits rapid spread of an action potential from cell to cell (i.e. does not require the release of transmitter)

A

Gap junctions

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39
Q

Formed by the cells of both ventricles (i.e. and separately all fibers of both atria). Allows the excitation of one cell to result in the action potential to spread to all cells of the fiber.

A

Syncytium

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40
Q

A unique network of non-contracting/weakly contracting cells which are electrically connected with other “ordinary” cardiac muscle cells, that facilitates the rapid and coordinated spread of excitation.

A

Conducting system

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41
Q

True/False: Some cardiac muscles cells are capable of rhthymic self-excitation

A

True

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42
Q

Fill in: A cardiac muscle cell capable of rhythmic self-excitation undergoes gradual depolarization, until it reaches threshold, at which point an ___ ___ occurs.

A

Action potential

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43
Q

Gradual depolarization of the heart’s membrane potential due to leakiness to sodium and other ions.

A

Pacemaker potential

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44
Q

Fastest autorhythmic cells massed in the wall of the right atrium, connected to “ordinary” atrial muscle cells by gap junctions

A

Sinoatrial node/SA node/Sinus node

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45
Q

Most conducting system cells are driven by the action potentials of this structure due to it having the fastest autorhythmic rate.

A

SA node

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46
Q

A pacemaker not located in the SA node.

A

Ectopic pacemaker

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47
Q

General flow of electrical excitation throughout the conduction system of the heart.

A

Sinoatrial node => Atrioventricular node => Atrioventricular bundle => R/L Bundle branches => Purkinje fibers

48
Q

ECG result from depolarzation of fibers of both atria.

A

P wave

49
Q

ECG results from depolarization of fibers of both ventricles.

A

QRS complex of waves.

50
Q

ECG results from repolatization of fibers of both ventricles.

A

T wave

51
Q

Why is atrial repolarization not seen on ECG?

A

Occurs at the same time as QRS complex

52
Q

True/False: ECG recordings are intracellular.

A

False, extracellular

53
Q

Interval that approximates the time which the atria contract and thus generate force/tension.

A

PR interval

54
Q

Interval that approximates the time during which the ventricles are contracting and thus generating force/tension.

A

QT interval

55
Q

Placement of reference and recording electrodes of lead I

A

Right and left arms

56
Q

Placement of reference and recording electrodes of lead II.

A

Right arm and left leg

57
Q

Placement of reference and recording electrodes of lead III.

A

Left arm and left left

58
Q

Placement of ground electrode.

A

Right leg

59
Q

How does the action potential in ventricular muscle cells differ than neuron/skeletal muscle action potentials?

A

Has a long conintues depolarization (i.e. plateau)

60
Q

What causes the initial rising phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Increase in permeability to sodium ions (i.e. same as neuron or skeletal muscle cell)

61
Q

Structures that contains slow voltage-gated calcium ion channels that open during initial depolarization in cardiac muscle cells (i.e. responsible for plateau).

A

T-tubules

62
Q

What stimulates the release of a large amount of calcium stored inside cardiac muscles cells (i.e. stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum)?

A

Calcium entering from outside the cell during plateau

63
Q

Generally describe the flow of excitation-contraction coupling.

A

Excitation (i.e. depolarization of plasma membrane) => slow calcium channels found in t-tubles opens => calcium flows into cytosol => cytosol stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum are released => calcium flows into cytosol => cytosolic calcium concentration increases => contraction occurs

64
Q

Period after a muscle cell makes an action potential which it cannot be re-excited.

A

Refractory period

65
Q

The refractory period of a cardiac muscles is [>, <, =] to skeletal muscle.

A

>

66
Q

Addresses a stronger than normal contraction of the heart due to premature firing of a ventricle resulting in more blood flowing into the ventricle.

A

Frank-Starling law

67
Q

Period of ventricular contraction (i.e. consists of a brief period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction and a large period of ventricular ejection)

A

Systole

68
Q

Period of ventricular relaxation (i.e. consists of a brief period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation and a large period of ventricular filling)

A

Diastole

69
Q

Vibrations and turbulent blood flow doe to valves closing.

A

Heart sounds

70
Q

Sound due to closure of AV valves

A

Sound 1/Lub

71
Q

Sound due to closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.

A

Sound 2/Dub

72
Q

Period of ventricular filling

A

Second stage of diastole

73
Q

Amount of blood in the ventricle at the very end of diastole.

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

74
Q

Amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after ventricular ejection.

A

End-systolic volume

75
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is aortic (i.e. atrial presure) rising? Why?

A

The first half of the second stage of systole; Rate blood being added to aorta via ventricle > Rate blood leaving aortic branches into capillaries

76
Q

When duirng the cardiac cycle is aortic (arterial) pressure falling? Why?

A

Mid-to-late-systole; Amount of blood leaving the aorta > amount of blood being added to it

77
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is ventricular pressure rising? Why?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction and first-half of ventricular contraction (i.e. systole); Mostly due to ventricular muscles contracting

78
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is ventriclar pressure falling?

A

Mid-to-late systole and isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

79
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is ventricular volume rising?

A

Most of diastole

80
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is ventricular volume falling?

A

Most of systole

81
Q

When during the cardiac cycle is ventricular volume constant?

A

Isovolumetric contraction or Isovolumetric relaxation

82
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the P wave occur? Why is this significant?

A

End of diastole; Depolarization of atrium continues to add blood to the ventricle

83
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the QRS complex occur? What is its significance?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (i.e. first stage of systole); Contracts ventricle pushing blood from ventricle to the aorta/arteries

84
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does a T wave occur? What is its significance?

A

Mid-to-late systole; Relaxes the ventricle

85
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does heart sound 1 occur?

A

End of diastole

86
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does heart sound 2 occur?

A

End of systole

87
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the bicuspid valve open?

A

The end of isovolumetric relaxation

88
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the bicuspid valve close?

A

The end of diastole/beginning of isovolumetric contraction

89
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open?

A

End of isovolumetric contraction

90
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close?

A

End of systole/beginning of isovolumetric relaxation

91
Q

Small, brief surge of aortic pressure due to the closure of the aortic semilunar valve.

A

Incisura

92
Q

When during the cardiac cycle does incisura occur?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

93
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per unit time.

A

Cardiac output

94
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR X SV

95
Q

Average cardiac output

A

5 L/min

96
Q

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each contraction.

A

Stroke volume (SV)

97
Q

Equation for stroke volume.

A

SV = EDV - ESV

98
Q

Stimulation of the SA node that increases HR via norepinephrine.

A

Sympathetic stimulation

99
Q

Stimulation of SA node that decreases HR via acetylcholine.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

100
Q

Structure that releases norepinephrine that increases HR. Acts on the same receptors norepinephine from the sympathetic stimulation utilizes.

A

Adrenal medullae

101
Q

General mechanism of HR control.

A

Substances change the permeability of SA node cells to various ions thus changing the slope of their gradual depolarization towards threshold

102
Q

What controls stroke volume (SV)?

A

Strength of contraction

103
Q

How would an increase in blood from the veins to the heart effect heart output?

A

Increase

104
Q

Fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces of the lungs which could be due to ineffective pumping of the left ventricle.

A

Pulmonary edema

105
Q

Where would congestion occur if the right ventricle failed to properly pump blood?

A

Veins and eventually extremities

106
Q

The strength of contraction at any given end-diastolic volume.

A

Contractility

107
Q

What increases contractility

A

Sympathetic input to the ventricles as well as plasma epinephrine

108
Q

What results from an increase in contractility?

A

More complete ejection of EDV

109
Q

Ratio of stroke volume to end-diastolic volume.

A

Ejection fraction

110
Q

Average ejection fraction at rest.

A

50-75%

111
Q

Structures that transport blood to tissues under high pressure.

A

Aorta and large arteries

112
Q

Structure that serves as the main control site for blood flow (i.e. also major site of resistance to flow in circulation)

A

Arterioles

113
Q

Structure that serves as the major site of water and solute exchange between blood and tissues.

A

Capillaries

114
Q

Structure that returns blood to the heart under low pressure and serves as a reservior of blood.

A

Venules and veins

115
Q

In what structures of the cardiovascular system is pressure pulsatile?

A

Arteries and arterioles

116
Q

True/False: The high pressure in veins is dissipated as blood flows through while pressure in large arteries is only slightly greater than 0.

A

False

COB - Physiology I (6 decks)

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