Exam 1 Flashcards
What type of adrenocortical hormones has an effect on the electrolytes of the ECF?
Mineralcorticoids
What hormone is secreted in response to aniotensin II?
Aldosterone
How do the thyroid hormones increase cellular metabolic activity?
Increases the number and activity of the mitochondria and increases active transport of ions through cellular membranes
How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
Has a maximum rate of diffusion
What is required for the formation of thyroxine?
Iodine
What effects does cortisol have on fat metabolism?
Mobilization of fatty acids
What effects does cortisol have on protein metabolism?
Reduces cellular protiens, increases liver and plasma protiens, and increases blood AA
What layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of cortisol and corticosterone?
Zona fasciculata
What enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of aldosterone?
Aldosterone synthase
What is the principle glucocorticoid hormone?
Cortisol
What is the function of a phosphoprotein phosphatase?
Removes a phosphate group from a cellular protein
When is positive feedback adventagous in the human body?
Blood clotting, child birth, and generation of nerve signals
What group of hormones is seceted from the adrenal cortex and are all synthesized from cholesterol?
Corticosteroids
What effect of high levels of cortisol is significant in medication?
Anti-inflammatory effects
What is the principle mineralcorticoid hormone?
Aldosterone
What effect does cortisol have on carbohydrate metabolism?
Stimulates gluconeogenesis and decreases glucose utilization by cells
What organs assist in the removal of metabolic end products?
Lungs, kidneys, GI tract, and liver
What is the secretory substance that fills the follicles of the thyroid gland?
Colloid
What layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
What term refers to the amount of pressure required to stop osmosis?
Osmotic pressure
What is one of the main ways cortisol exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects?
Stabilizes lysosomal membranes
What organelles of the cell at the steroid products of the adrenal cortex synthesized?
Mitochondria and enoplasmic reticulum
Why does cortisol have a relatively long half-life?
Cortisol binds to plasma proteins
What organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipid substances?
Agranular/Smooth ER
What measure determines the degree of effectiveness with whihc a control system maintains constant conditions?
Gain
Where are adrenocortical hormones metabolized?
The liver
What type of adrenocortical hormones increases the concentration of glucose in the body?
Glucocorticoids
Term for the loose carbohydrate coat on the outside surface of a cell.
Glycocalyx
What property of the thyroid gland is unusual in comparision to other endocrine glands?
Ability to store hormones
What is the inner most layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
Term for the cell body of a neuron/nerve cell.
Soma
What are the thin projections from the soma that recieve information?
Dendrites
What are the one or two processes that extend from the soma that pass on information?
Axons
What is the first portion of axon and part of the soma where the axon joins? This is where electrical signals that will be conducted away from the soma along the axon are often inititated.
Initial segment/Trigger zone/Axon hillock
Term for the branches of axons.
Collaterals
Term for axon endings, responsible for transmitting signals from the neuron to the next cell.
Axon terminals
What cells of the nervous system are not neurons that help support and nourish the neurons?
Glial cells/neuroglia
What covers most axons and insulates their membranes making it more difficult for electrical signals to flow between the axon’s intracellular fluid and the ECF?
Myelin
Term for the spaces between the myelin formings cells.
Nodes of Ranvier
What causes an electrical signal to be generated in a sensory neuron in response to physical or chemical changes in the internal or external environment?
Receptors
What chemical messenger is used at a synapse to transmit activity from one neuron to another?
Neurotransmitter
What type of neuron lies in pathways between afferent and efferent neurons?
Interneurons
What hormone functions as a catalyst for the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
Renin
What organ does growth hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary control the secretion of growth hormone from?
Liver
What anterior pituitary hormones control the secretions of the ovaris and testes?
Follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone
What anterior pituitary hormone does not control the secretion of some other hormone by a peripheral endocrine gland?
Prolactin
What group of hormones is released by the liver in response to growth hormone?
Somatomedins
What are some stimuli for the release of growth hormone?
Starvation/protein deficiency, low blood glucose or fatty acids, sleep, exercise, excitement, trauma
What parts of the endocrien system do somatomedin exert long loop negative feedback on?
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
Term for feedback when a hormone in the periheral endocrine gland is the source of feedback.
Long loop feedback
Term for feedback when the anterior pituitary hormone inhibits the hypothalamus.
Short loop feedback
What are some functions of tyroxine and triiodthyronine?
Facilitates body growth, maturation of the nervous system, assist in setting the rate at which the body metabolizes food
What are the three types of input on an endocrine cell that can influence its secretory rate?
Neurotransmitter released by neuron, hormone, and ion or organic nutrient
What is the major function of a hormone when its secretion is influenced by the plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient?
Regulation via negative feedback of the ECF level of that same ion or nutrient
Where is oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin synthesized?
Hypothalamic neurons
What causes the release of hypothalamic releasing hormones as well as hypothalamic inhibitory hormones?
Actional potenials in their axons
Where is epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted from?
Adrenal medulla
What endocrine gland is made up of nervous tissue?
Adrenal medulla
What hormone of the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction?
ADH or Vasopressin
