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COB - Physiology I > Exam 2 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of respiration does the respiratory system perform?

A

External respiration

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system supply blood with?

A

Oxygen

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3
Q

What does the respiratory system remove from the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide

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4
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance?

A

Elimination of carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What does the respiratory system exchange air between?

A

Atmosphere and alveoli

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6
Q

What structure allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in lung capillaries?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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7
Q

How does the respiratory system exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood capillaries and body tissues?

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the pharynx?

A

Larynx

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9
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the larynx?

A

Trachea

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10
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the trachea?

A

2 Bronchi

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11
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the bronchi?

A

Bronchioles

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12
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the terminal bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Alveolar ducts

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15
Q

Where does air go after it moves through the alveolar ducts?

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

What almost completely covers the alveoli?

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

What secretion do type II cells of the respiratory system, found in alveoli, secrete?

A

Surfactant

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18
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Detergent substance

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19
Q

What is the thin membrane that completely lines the inside of the walls of the thoracic cage?

A

Pleura

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20
Q

What is found within the pleura?

A

Pleural fluid

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21
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure in/of the atmosphere

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22
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure within the alveoli (i.e. pressure within the lungs)

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23
Q

What pleural pressure?

A

Pressure within the plearal cavity

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24
Q

What is the movement of all substances making up a gas or liquid from a region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure?

A

Bulk flow

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25
Q

What is the equaiton for bulk flow?

A

Flow = Change in pressure over resistance to flow

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26
Q

True/False: There is airflow between breaths.

A

False, there is not

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27
Q

During inspiration alveolar pressure is less than/greater than/equal to atmospheric pressure.

A

Less than

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28
Q

During expiration alveolar pressure is less than/greater than/equal to atmospheric pressure

A

Greater than

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29
Q

During inspiration bulk flow is +/-.

A

-

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30
Q

During expiration bulk flow is +/-.

A

+

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31
Q

What is the movement of the driving force during inspiraiton?

A

Inward

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32
Q

What is the movement of the driving force during expiration?

A

Outward

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33
Q

What must occur in order for inspiration or expiration to occur?

A

Change in alveolar pressure

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34
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume according to Boyle’s law?

A

Inverse

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35
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Difference between pressure inside and outside of the lung

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36
Q

In order for inspiration to occur pleural pressure must be made more negative. How is this accomplished?

A

Increase the size of the pleural cavity

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37
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm during inspirtation?

A

Contracts - Forcing the floor of the pleural cavity down

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38
Q

What nerve activates the diaphragm during inspiraiton?

A

Phrenic nerve

39
Q

What action is responsible for raising the rib cage during inspiration?

A

Intercostal nerve activation of the external intercostal muscles

40
Q

Why does the lung wall not move outward between breathes despite the pleural pressure being less than the alveolar pressure?

A

Elastic recoil of the lung yeilding a natural tendency to collapse (i.e. thing about a ruber band)

41
Q

The unstretched size of the lung is more/less thanthe size it assumes within the thoracic cage.

A

Less

42
Q

What forces between breath creates a counter balance preventing the lung wall from moving?

A

Negative pleural pressure and elastic recoil force of the lungs

43
Q

Why is the pleural pressure subatomic that is sub-zero?

A

The lungs’ natural tendency to collapse results in an increase the pleural space therefore (i.e. according to Boyle’s Law) pressure decreases

44
Q

What will collapse if the thoracic cage wall is punctured?

A

Pneumothorax

45
Q

What pressure prevents lungs from collapsing?

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity being negative

46
Q

What structure relationship is responsible for an increase in lung size during inspiration?

A

Thoracic cage pulls on pleura which pulls on lung wall

47
Q

What is the main driving force during expiration?

A

Recoil of elastic fibers

48
Q

What occurs to the pleural cavity size during expiration?

A

Decreases

49
Q

How is pleural pressure affected during expiration?

A

Becomes less negative

50
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

Relaxes

51
Q

How many liters of air enter and leave the alveoli per minute?

A

4 Liters

52
Q

How many liters of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries per minute?

A

5 Liters

53
Q

How much can airflow increase during exercise?

A

20 Times

54
Q

How much can blood flow to the lungs increase during exercise?

A

6 Times

55
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inspired and expired in one breath (i.e. at rest)

56
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the maximum amount of tidal inspiraiton

57
Q

What is expiratory volume?

A

Amout of air that can be exhaled beyond the minimum of tidal expiration

58
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

59
Q

What is the role of residual volume between breaths?

A

Keeps alveoli inflated

60
Q

How can lung capacity be determined?

A

Combining two or more lung volumes

61
Q

What is the maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration?

A

Volume capacity (VC)

62
Q

What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration?

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

63
Q

What allows gas exchange between breaths so that gas exchange is not intermittent?

A

Functional residual capacity

64
Q

What is the amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration?

A

Total lung capacity

65
Q

How is tidal volume affected during exercise?

A

Increases

66
Q

How is inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume affected by exercise?

A

Decreases (i.e. VC remains the same but TV increases)

67
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli (i.e. only alveoli)

68
Q

True/False: At the end of an expiration some air remains in the airways.

A

True

69
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air left over in the air pathways from preceding breath

70
Q

How would you calculate alveolar ventilation per minute?

A

(Total volume minus deadspace) times respiratory rate

71
Q

Magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a given difference across the lung volume.

A

Compliance/stretchability

72
Q

What contributes to compliance?

A

Elastic tissue (1/3) and surface tension of alveoli (2/3)

73
Q

What lines the air-filled bubbles in alveoli?

A

Water

74
Q

What force is responsible for the alveoli in a constant case of collapsing?

A

Surface tension

75
Q

What substance decreases the attraction between water molecules in alveoli thus lowering surface tension (i.e. increases compliance/stretchability)

A

Surfactant

76
Q

How does the hormone epinephrine affect the airway and resistance?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in airways thus increasing airway radius and decreasing resistance

77
Q

How does leukotrienes affect airway radius and air reistance?

A

Contracts airway smooth muscles, increases resistance

78
Q

What is the main contributor of asthma?

A

Strong intermittent contractions of airway muscles due to chronic airway inflammation

79
Q

What can result in an increase in pressure?

A

A temperature increase or an increase in the concentration of gas

80
Q

States that in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by the others.

A

Dalton’s Law

81
Q

What are partial pressures?

A

Individual pressures of various gases

82
Q

When does oxgen contribute to the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Only when it is dissolved

83
Q

What will the net diffusion of gas be baring that no barrier is present?

A

High to low

84
Q

How does the partial pressure of oxygen change as it goes from systemic arterial blood to systemic venous blood?

A

Decreases (i.e. 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg)

85
Q

How does that partial pressure of carbon dioxide change from systemic arterial blood to systemic venous blood?

A

Increases (i.e. 40 mmHg to 46 mmHg)

86
Q

(Alveolia and blood flowing pas the lungs) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air?

A

104 mmHg

87
Q

(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary arterial blood?

A

40 mmHg

88
Q

(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of carbon dixoide in alveolar air?

A

40 mmHg

89
Q

(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary arterial blood?

A

46 mmHg

90
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Proportion of ventilation to perfusion

91
Q

How many atoms of iron are there per hemoglobin?

A

4

92
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can 1 atom of iron bind in hemoglobin?

A

1

93
Q

When is hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin?

A

When oxygen is bound

94
Q

When is hemoglobin called deoxyhemoglobin?

A

When oxygen is not bound

COB - Physiology I (6 decks)

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