Exam 2 - Respiratory System Flashcards
What type of respiration does the respiratory system perform?
External respiration
What does the respiratory system supply blood with?
Oxygen
What does the respiratory system remove from the blood?
Carbon dioxide
How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance?
Elimination of carbon dioxide
What does the respiratory system exchange air between?
Atmosphere and alveoli
What structure allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in lung capillaries?
Pulmonary capillaries
How does the respiratory system exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood capillaries and body tissues?
Diffusion
Where does air go after it moves through the pharynx?
Larynx
Where does air go after it moves through the larynx?
Trachea
Where does air go after it moves through the trachea?
2 Bronchi
Where does air go after it moves through the bronchi?
Bronchioles
Where does air go after it moves through the bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles
Where does air go after it moves through the terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles
Where does air go after it moves through the respiratory bronchioles?
Alveolar ducts
Where does air go after it moves through the alveolar ducts?
Alveoli
What almost completely covers the alveoli?
Capillaries
What secretion do type II cells of the respiratory system, found in alveoli, secrete?
Surfactant
What is the function of surfactant?
Detergent substance
What is the thin membrane that completely lines the inside of the walls of the thoracic cage?
Pleura
What is found within the pleura?
Pleural fluid
What is atmospheric pressure?
Pressure in/of the atmosphere
What is alveolar pressure?
Pressure within the alveoli (i.e. pressure within the lungs)
What pleural pressure?
Pressure within the plearal cavity
What is the movement of all substances making up a gas or liquid from a region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure?
Bulk flow
What is the equaiton for bulk flow?
Flow = Change in pressure over resistance to flow
True/False: There is airflow between breaths.
False, there is not
During inspiration alveolar pressure is less than/greater than/equal to atmospheric pressure.
Less than
During expiration alveolar pressure is less than/greater than/equal to atmospheric pressure
Greater than
During inspiration bulk flow is +/-.
-
During expiration bulk flow is +/-.
+
What is the movement of the driving force during inspiraiton?
Inward
What is the movement of the driving force during expiration?
Outward
What must occur in order for inspiration or expiration to occur?
Change in alveolar pressure
What is the relationship between pressure and volume according to Boyle’s law?
Inverse
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Difference between pressure inside and outside of the lung
In order for inspiration to occur pleural pressure must be made more negative. How is this accomplished?
Increase the size of the pleural cavity
What is the action of the diaphragm during inspirtation?
Contracts - Forcing the floor of the pleural cavity down
What nerve activates the diaphragm during inspiraiton?
Phrenic nerve
What action is responsible for raising the rib cage during inspiration?
Intercostal nerve activation of the external intercostal muscles
Why does the lung wall not move outward between breathes despite the pleural pressure being less than the alveolar pressure?
Elastic recoil of the lung yeilding a natural tendency to collapse (i.e. thing about a ruber band)
The unstretched size of the lung is more/less thanthe size it assumes within the thoracic cage.
Less
What forces between breath creates a counter balance preventing the lung wall from moving?
Negative pleural pressure and elastic recoil force of the lungs
Why is the pleural pressure subatomic that is sub-zero?
The lungs’ natural tendency to collapse results in an increase the pleural space therefore (i.e. according to Boyle’s Law) pressure decreases
What will collapse if the thoracic cage wall is punctured?
Pneumothorax
What pressure prevents lungs from collapsing?
Pressure inside the pleural cavity being negative
What structure relationship is responsible for an increase in lung size during inspiration?
Thoracic cage pulls on pleura which pulls on lung wall
What is the main driving force during expiration?
Recoil of elastic fibers
What occurs to the pleural cavity size during expiration?
Decreases
How is pleural pressure affected during expiration?
Becomes less negative
What is the action of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during expiration?
Relaxes
How many liters of air enter and leave the alveoli per minute?
4 Liters
How many liters of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries per minute?
5 Liters
How much can airflow increase during exercise?
20 Times
How much can blood flow to the lungs increase during exercise?
6 Times
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inspired and expired in one breath (i.e. at rest)
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the maximum amount of tidal inspiraiton
What is expiratory volume?
Amout of air that can be exhaled beyond the minimum of tidal expiration
What is residual volume?
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration
What is the role of residual volume between breaths?
Keeps alveoli inflated
How can lung capacity be determined?
Combining two or more lung volumes
What is the maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration?
Volume capacity (VC)
What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration?
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
What allows gas exchange between breaths so that gas exchange is not intermittent?
Functional residual capacity
What is the amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration?
Total lung capacity
How is tidal volume affected during exercise?
Increases
How is inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume affected by exercise?
Decreases (i.e. VC remains the same but TV increases)
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli (i.e. only alveoli)
True/False: At the end of an expiration some air remains in the airways.
True
What is anatomical dead space?
Air left over in the air pathways from preceding breath
How would you calculate alveolar ventilation per minute?
(Total volume minus deadspace) times respiratory rate
Magnitude of the change in lung volume produced by a given difference across the lung volume.
Compliance/stretchability
What contributes to compliance?
Elastic tissue (1/3) and surface tension of alveoli (2/3)
What lines the air-filled bubbles in alveoli?
Water
What force is responsible for the alveoli in a constant case of collapsing?
Surface tension
What substance decreases the attraction between water molecules in alveoli thus lowering surface tension (i.e. increases compliance/stretchability)
Surfactant
How does the hormone epinephrine affect the airway and resistance?
Relaxes smooth muscle in airways thus increasing airway radius and decreasing resistance
How does leukotrienes affect airway radius and air reistance?
Contracts airway smooth muscles, increases resistance
What is the main contributor of asthma?
Strong intermittent contractions of airway muscles due to chronic airway inflammation
What can result in an increase in pressure?
A temperature increase or an increase in the concentration of gas
States that in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by the others.
Dalton’s Law
What are partial pressures?
Individual pressures of various gases
When does oxgen contribute to the partial pressure of oxygen?
Only when it is dissolved
What will the net diffusion of gas be baring that no barrier is present?
High to low
How does the partial pressure of oxygen change as it goes from systemic arterial blood to systemic venous blood?
Decreases (i.e. 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg)
How does that partial pressure of carbon dioxide change from systemic arterial blood to systemic venous blood?
Increases (i.e. 40 mmHg to 46 mmHg)
(Alveolia and blood flowing pas the lungs) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air?
104 mmHg
(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary arterial blood?
40 mmHg
(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of carbon dixoide in alveolar air?
40 mmHg
(Alveoli and blood flowing past the lungs) What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary arterial blood?
46 mmHg
What is ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Proportion of ventilation to perfusion
How many atoms of iron are there per hemoglobin?
4
How many molecules of oxygen can 1 atom of iron bind in hemoglobin?
1
When is hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin?
When oxygen is bound
When is hemoglobin called deoxyhemoglobin?
When oxygen is not bound
