Exam 3 questions Flashcards
an exotic species is a non-native organism that is introduced into an
ecosystem out of its native range and establishes as part of the community and competes for a particular niche
exotic species take advantage of
resources
exotic species outcompete
native species for resources
exotic species prevent
access to resources for some species
exotic species take advantage of
lack of predators, natural diseases that would otherwise control population
exotic species introduce
disease and pests
pro of utilitarian view: acknowledges the
necessary human use of nature
con of utilitarian view: may result in the loss of
the cultural, aesthetic, and functional roles wilderness plays
pro of intrinsic view: minimization of
human impacts
con of intrinsic view: limits the meaningful role
humans may play in their ecological surroundings
con of intrinsic view: led to the physical displacement of
native peoples from newly designated nature reserves
the tree in the garden argument: a humanized wilderness
does not have the same connectedness of a wild and untouched wilderness
the pragmatic argument: we should focus on conservation and
developing criteria to evaluate human impacts and prevent further degradation
the baseline argument: wild areas are models for ecological restoration and should be preserved in as rare a state as possible as reference conditions
should be preserved in as rare a state as possible as reference conditions
the species-area argument: we need large wilderness areas to protect biodiversity because
large lands are essential for some species and small tracts are unable to support disturbance regimes, habitats, and resources for these species
The Wilderness Act of 1964 was signed by —–, to create a legal definition of —–, created the —–, managed by —–
LBJ
Wilderness
NWPS
Government agencies like NPS, FWS, NFS, BLM
this eliminates human impacts altogether
preservation
this regulates human use
conservation
values are beliefs and ideas that inform assessments of
worth and which are, by definition, socially contructed
natural sacred sites are protected on basis of
religious or spiritual grounds
resource and game reserves are protected on basis of
rational resource planning
country, state, and city parks are protected in basis of
rec recreational, social, and health benefits for urban dwellers
nature monuments and nature preserves are protected for scientific endeavors, improvement through
nature education, exercise, and recreation
wildlife sanctuaries and refuges are supported by the value that
humanity has a moral responsibility to save threatened life forms
national parks were created for
national pride and unity
wilderness areas were conceived by
the Sierra Club and Wilderness society
community conservation areas are made for the use of
the community
conservation easements and privately owned lands are valuable for protecting
low-impacted lands, migration routes, expanding total area of protected lands, connectivity, water quality buffers
conservation biogeography: preserve species distributions and in doing so
preserve the ecological and evolutionary processes required to conserve diversity, as well the natural character of nature
representation: all biological features
across a range of environmental conditions should be represented in a system
redundant: representation of
multiple populations or examples of the features of interest
resilience: ecosystem occurrences must be of sufficient quality to
provide for long-term persistence capacity of a system to resist damage and recover from a disturbance
large reserve advantage: smaller
edge to interior ration
large reserve advantage: greater
habitat diversity
potential to support more species
large reserve advantage: more
wide-ranging low density species and individual
complete trophic interactions
large reserve advantage: lower extinction rates and less
required interference or maintenance
several small advantages: better habitat
quality
several small advantages: more populations of
rare or target species
several small advantages: lower risk of
major infestations or catastrophic events
several small advantages: lower
acquisition costs
several small advantages: easier
to understand and describe, easier access
wilderness areas occur in the US,
new Zealand, Australia, Canada, South Africa
better shapes of preserves:
single large, circular, clumped, connected
GAP finds
representation gaps, ecological gaps, management gapd
