Exam 2 review questions

Question 1

why do we use maps

Answer 1

maps simplify reality to communicate info, processes operate over spatial scales

Question 2

patterns are dependent on

Answer 2

the scale of observation

Question 3

patterns are generated by

Answer 3

processes acting over various scales

Question 4

statistical relationships may change as

Answer 4

scale changes

Question 5

scale can be used to justify and refute certain

Answer 5

management practices and ideas about nature

Question 6

composition

Answer 6

all the elements in a landscape

Question 7

structure

Answer 7

how the spatial elements of a landscape are arranged

Question 8

function

Answer 8

the interaction between the composition and structure and how these elements work for a given organism or ecosystem

Question 9

how are corridors habitats

Answer 9

a species could live within it

Question 10

how are corridors conduits

Answer 10

they could facilitate movement of species and resources

Question 11

how are corridors filters/barriers

Answer 11

the corridor could prevent or limit the movement of a species or resource

Question 12

how are corridors sources

Answer 12

the corridor could provide resources or animals to the surrounding area

Question 13

how are corridors sinks

Answer 13

animals or resources could get caught in the corridor

Question 14

what is the edge effect

Answer 14

this happens when the edge s different from the interior and influences how an organism uses the environment

Question 15

would an elongated patch have more or less edge species

Answer 15

more edge species, because edge to interior ratio is higher

Question 16

longitudinal stream connectivity

Answer 16

upstream and downstream

Question 17

lateral stream connectivity

Answer 17

river and floodplain exchanges, hillslopes and valleys

Question 18

vertical stream connectivity

Answer 18

flow depth and different wetted features, atmospheric exchanges

Question 19

temporal stream connectivity

Answer 19

timing of when connectivity occurs, frequency and duration

Question 20

what is primary succession

Answer 20

when an area of bare rock or soil becomes inhabited by a new community of species

Question 21

what is secondary succession

Answer 21

when a natural community previously existed and was disturbed but soil is still viable

Question 22

what is aquatic to terrestrial succession

Answer 22

a progressive change over time from aquatic habitat to terrestrial habitat

Question 23

what is the climatic climax theory (clements 1918)

Answer 23

only one climax is recognized for a given community and that is determined by regional climate

Question 24

what is the polyclimax theory (tansley 1935)

Answer 24

more than one climax community may occur due to differences in soil moisture, nutrients, topography, slope. annual activity, fire

Question 25

what is climax pattern theory (whittaker 1953)

Answer 25

variety of climaxes due to abiotic and biotic controls and climax vegetation patterns will change with changing environmental conditions

Question 26

what is alternative stable states (Lewontin 1969)

Answer 26

changes in an ecosystem can result in abrupt shifts to another ecosystem type. some states can be stable for a long time, not predictable

Question 27

what disturbances are related to primary succession

Answer 27

major volcanic activity, floods creating new depositional landforms, glaciers exposing landforms

Question 28

what disturbances are related to secondary succession

Answer 28

wildfires, minor volcanic activity, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, landslides, logging

Question 29

what are two disturbance management strategies

Answer 29

prescribed burns and dams

Question 30

example of terrestrial to aquatic subsidy exchange

Answer 30

leaf litter into streams

Question 31

example of aquatic to terrestrial subsidy exchange

Answer 31

.

Question 32

example of freshwater to marine subsidy exchange

Answer 32

.

Question 33

example of deep ocean to surface subsidy exchange

Answer 33

upwelling of ocean currents, coast of peru

Question 34

example of exterior to interior cave subsidy exchange

Answer 34

animals bring in food to their dens, bats poop on the cave ground (aka makes soil)

Question 35

what are allogenic engineers

Answer 35

they change or alter conditions by transforming living or nonliving materials from one state to another

Question 36

what are autogenic engineers

Answer 36

they change the environment or conditions via their own physical structure, living or dead, whre they create habitats for other organisms to live on or in