Exam 2 review questions Flashcards
why do we use maps
maps simplify reality to communicate info, processes operate over spatial scales
patterns are dependent on
the scale of observation
patterns are generated by
processes acting over various scales
statistical relationships may change as
scale changes
scale can be used to justify and refute certain
management practices and ideas about nature
composition
all the elements in a landscape
structure
how the spatial elements of a landscape are arranged
function
the interaction between the composition and structure and how these elements work for a given organism or ecosystem
how are corridors habitats
a species could live within it
how are corridors conduits
they could facilitate movement of species and resources
how are corridors filters/barriers
the corridor could prevent or limit the movement of a species or resource
how are corridors sources
the corridor could provide resources or animals to the surrounding area
how are corridors sinks
animals or resources could get caught in the corridor
what is the edge effect
this happens when the edge s different from the interior and influences how an organism uses the environment
would an elongated patch have more or less edge species
more edge species, because edge to interior ratio is higher
longitudinal stream connectivity
upstream and downstream
lateral stream connectivity
river and floodplain exchanges, hillslopes and valleys
vertical stream connectivity
flow depth and different wetted features, atmospheric exchanges
temporal stream connectivity
timing of when connectivity occurs, frequency and duration
what is primary succession
when an area of bare rock or soil becomes inhabited by a new community of species
what is secondary succession
when a natural community previously existed and was disturbed but soil is still viable
what is aquatic to terrestrial succession
a progressive change over time from aquatic habitat to terrestrial habitat
what is the climatic climax theory (clements 1918)
only one climax is recognized for a given community and that is determined by regional climate
what is the polyclimax theory (tansley 1935)
more than one climax community may occur due to differences in soil moisture, nutrients, topography, slope. annual activity, fire
what is climax pattern theory (whittaker 1953)
variety of climaxes due to abiotic and biotic controls and climax vegetation patterns will change with changing environmental conditions
what is alternative stable states (Lewontin 1969)
changes in an ecosystem can result in abrupt shifts to another ecosystem type. some states can be stable for a long time, not predictable
what disturbances are related to primary succession
major volcanic activity, floods creating new depositional landforms, glaciers exposing landforms
what disturbances are related to secondary succession
wildfires, minor volcanic activity, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, landslides, logging
what are two disturbance management strategies
prescribed burns and dams
example of terrestrial to aquatic subsidy exchange
leaf litter into streams
example of aquatic to terrestrial subsidy exchange
.
example of freshwater to marine subsidy exchange
.
example of deep ocean to surface subsidy exchange
upwelling of ocean currents, coast of peru
example of exterior to interior cave subsidy exchange
animals bring in food to their dens, bats poop on the cave ground (aka makes soil)
what are allogenic engineers
they change or alter conditions by transforming living or nonliving materials from one state to another
what are autogenic engineers
they change the environment or conditions via their own physical structure, living or dead, whre they create habitats for other organisms to live on or in
