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Landscape Biogeography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

spatial or temporal dimension of an object or

process, varies based on the unit of analysis

A

scale

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2
Q

maps…

A

simplify reality to communicate info

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3
Q

the type and amount of information depends upon:

A 
scale of analysis
type of map
observations and data used
decisions of the cartographer
what the map is being used for
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4
Q

processes and forms operate over different

A

spatial and temporal scales

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5
Q

Entirety of an object’s influence, everything it has potential to influence

A

domain

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6
Q

Measurable nature of the observation

 Ex: Spatial habitat range, seasonal productivit

A

dimension of observation

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7
Q

finest level of resolution, minimum or maximum mapping unit

A

grain

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8
Q

high resolution, more detail

A

fine grained

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9
Q

low resolution, less detail

A

coarse grained

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10
Q

size of study unit or length of time under

consideration

A

extent

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11
Q

covers vast area or long period

time

A

large or longterm

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12
Q

covers smaller area or shorter

time

A

small or short term

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13
Q 
level of
spatial (or temporal)
resolution at which
an object or process
has been measured
or observed.
A

grain

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14
Q

spatial (or
temporal) dimension
of an object or
process

A

extent

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15
Q

rules for ecological scale: patterns are dependent upon

A

the scale of observation

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16
Q

rules for ecological scale: patterns are generated by

A

processes acting over various temporal and spatial scales

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17
Q

rules for ecological scales: statistical relationships may

A

change as scale changes

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18
Q

rules for ecological scale: scale can be used to

A

justify or refute certain management practices and ideas about nature

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19
Q

all the elements in a landscape

A

composition

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20
Q

Arrangement of the spatial elements of a landscape, also

referred to as configuration

A

structure

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21
Q

The interaction between the composition and the
structure and how these elements work for a given
organisms or ecosystem process

A

function

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22
Q

Category within a classification scheme
 Defined by the user to distinguish between habitats,
ecosystems, or vegetation types within a landscape

A

cover type

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23
Q

we describe different elements by their

A

cover types

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24
Q

Elements of Composition, Structure, and

Function that make up Cover Types

A 
Patches
 Edges and Interiors
 Edge Effects
 Corridors
 Matrix
 Connectivity
 Barriers
 Fragmentation
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25
Q

Surface area that differs from it’s surroundings in nature or appearance

A

patches

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26
Q

Portion of a patch or corridor where environmental conditions along the
perimeter may differ from the interior of that patch

A

edge

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27
Q

Portion of a patch where the interior of the patch may differ from the
edges

A

interior

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28
Q

Relatively narrow strip of a particular cover type that differs from the matrix
areas adjacent to both sides

A

corridors

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29
Q

Background cover type that is more extensive than patches

A

matrix

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30
Q

Spatial continuity of a habitat type across the landscape

A

connectivity

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31
Q

Obstruction to connectivity

A

barriers

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32
Q

Division of a habitat type into smaller disconnected parcels

A

fragmentation

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33
Q

Different species composition, diversity, and

abundance are found in the edge; this is

A

the edge effect

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34
Q

Circular patches and the

interior-edge ratio

A

will vary with patch size

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35
Q

are those only or primarily located in or near patch perimeters

A

edge species

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36
Q

those

located only or primarily away from the perimeter.

A

interior species

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37
Q

Factors affecting edge width:

A

sun angle and latitude, wind, age of patch, environmental resource variations (soil, substrate, moisture, etc.).

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38
Q
  • a measure of the number of major lobes

on a patch

A

convolution

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39
Q

because of their low interior-to-edge ratio, these
resemble elongated patches more than isodiametric
patches. They should therefore have a relative scarcity
of interior species

A

rings

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40
Q

a narrow extension or lobe of a patch. “The
funnel effect”, a pattern of gradually decreasing
species diversity from base to tip of peninsula. Caused
by the loss of interior species as the peninsula narrows
or the edge widens

A

peninsula

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41
Q

Relatively narrow strip of a particular cover type that

differs from the matrix areas adjacent to both sides

A

corridors

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42
Q

The major roles of corridors in a landscape

A

the dual and
somewhat opposing roles of dividing and tying together
the landscape.

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43
Q

the straighter the corridor, the shorter the distance, and generally then the faster the movement, between two points on the landscape.

A

curvilinearity

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44
Q

a measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor is. May be quantified simply by the number of breaks per unit length of corridor.

A

corridor connectivity

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45
Q

a discontinuity in a corridor

A

break

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46
Q

where the corridor has the form of an isthmus, must have similarities to the “funnel effect” of a peninsular patch.

A

narrows

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47
Q

a patch of similar environment attached to a corridor

A

node

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48
Q

narrow bands essentially dominated
throughout by edge species. Examples include paths, roads,
roadsides (verges), railroads, dikes, ditches, power lines,
above-ground pipeline right-of-ways, hedgerows,
herbaceous/shrubby strips, property boundaries, drainage
ditches, irrigation channels.

A

line corridors

49
Q

wider bands, with a central interior
environment containing some abundance of interior
species.

A

strip corridors

50
Q
  • the riparian landscape bordering water
    courses, varying in width according to the size of the
    stream.
A

stream corridors

51
Q

When there is
more complexity within the
network of patches and
corridors, species movement is

A

enhanced

52
Q

The effect of a break in a corridor on movement of a

species depends on

A

the length of the break relative to
the scale of species movement, and the contrast in
environment between the corridor and the break

53
Q

functions of corridors

A

habitat, conduit, filters or barriers, source, sink

54
Q

Corridors act as filters by

A

altering movement rates by

type of object and over time.

55
Q

A corridor is a source by functioning as

A

an area or
reservoir that gives off objects to the surrounding
matrix.

56
Q

Corridors can absorb objects from the surrounding

matrix functioning as

A

sinks

57
Q

Pathways created by animals that they use daily,

seasonally, or during an annual migration.

A

animal corridors

58
Q

Spatial continuity of a habitat type or cover across a

landscape

A

connectivity

59
Q

The 5 Functions Can Depend on

A

corridor size and connectivity

60
Q

longitudinal connectivity

A

Upstream to downstream and vice versa

61
Q

lateral connectivity

A

River and floodplain exchanges, hillslopes and

valley

62
Q

vertical connectivity

A

flow depth and different wetted features,

atmospheric exchanges

63
Q

temporal connectivity

A

timing of when connectivity occurs

(season), frequency, and duration of connetivity

64
Q

Obstruction to connectivity, can be environmental or

anthropogenic

A

barriers

65
Q

Quality or state of consisting of dissimilar elements, as
with mixed habitats or cover types occurring on a
landscape

A

heterogeneity

66
Q

Short-term physical or biological event that

significantly alters an ecosystem

A

disturbance

67
Q

capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a

disturbance

A

resilience

68
Q

Some disturbances are so profound the
ecosystem may not be resilient to recovery, in which case,
the disturbance causes a threshold change to an
ecosystem where the new ecosystem is much different
that before

A

threshold

69
Q

Changes in an ecosystem where one species or

community replaces another

A

successional changes

70
Q

Each successive community of species modifies the

environment to

A

make it more suitable for the

establishment of the next community

71
Q

Usually succession progresses from

A

more simple to

more complex ecosystems BUT not always

72
Q

sequence of succession stages

A

sere

73
Q

establishment of one species modifies the
environment to make it suitable for other species to
establish

A

facilitation

74
Q

Area of bare rock or soil becomes inhabited by a new
community of species
 Disturbance: major volcanic activity
 Development of new depositional landforms – river bars
and aeolian dunes environments
 Newly exposed landforms – glacial environments

A

primary succession

75
Q

Natural community previously existed and was disturbed
but soil is still viable
 Disturbance: wildfires, minor volcanic activity,
hurricanes, tornados, floods, landslides, logging

A

secondary succession

76
Q

Progressive change over time from aquatic habitat to
terrestrial habitat
 Rate will vary based on processes controlling the
transition
 Infilling of sediments (in case of lake or wetland) or
climate change to drier conditions and loss of wetted
(hydric) habitat

A

aquatic to terrestrial succession

77
Q

Only one climax is recognized for a given community

and that is determined by regional climate

A

Climatic Climax Theory: Clements 1918

78
Q

More than one climax community may occur due to
difference in soil moisture, nutrients, topography,
slope, animal activity, and fire

A

Polyclimax Theory: Tansley 1935

79
Q

Variety of climaxes due to abiotic and biotic controls
and climax vegetation patterns will change with
changing environmental conditions

A

Climax Pattern Theory: Whittaker 1953

80
Q

Changes in an ecosystem conditions can result in
abrupt shifts to another ecosystem type
 Certain ‘states’ can be stable for varying periods of
time before a disturbance occurs and a new ‘state’
occurs and becomes the temporary norm
 Not easily predictable what will happen from one
state to the next
 Function of ecosystem resilience and thresholds

A

Alternative Stable States: Lewontin 1969

81
Q

exceptions to climax theory: Early and late seral stages establish at the same
time, difference in growth rates, and response to
increasing competition

A

tolerance

82
Q

exceptions to climax theory: Proximity to seed sources and dispersal mechanisms
will control succession, early colonizers will inhibit
other species and dominate, competition, etc.

A

inhibition

83
Q

exceptions to climax theory: Random arrival and survival of species after
disturbance, no facilitation or inhibition

A

random

84
Q

physical disturbances

A

 Fire, wind, floods, avalanches, landslides,

volcanoes

85
Q

biological disturbances

A

pathogens and pests

86
Q

human disturbances

A

Logging, dam operations, land cover

changes, prescribed fires

87
Q

Burns ground cover, leaves the trees standing – may burn lower
branches, but fire does not reach canopy  Lower intensity, higher frequency  Promote growth of grasslands and suppression of shrubs and tree
seedlings

A

surface fires

88
Q

ground to canopy connection, high intensity, lower frequency

A

canopy fires

89
Q

plant adaptations to fire

A

bark thickness, epicormic sprouting, lignotubers, serotinous cones, scarification, thick seed coating

90
Q

Regrowth of foliage post-fires from dormant buds under bark

A

epicormic sprouting

91
Q

 Sprouting from buds near root-surface interface

A

lignotubers

92
Q

Cones which require fires to release seeds

A

serotinous cones

93
Q

Seeds which require heating by fire to be viable

A

scarification

94
Q

 Strip foliage, breaks branches, uproots trees, snaps

trees midway up trunks, background mortality

A

wind disturbance

95
Q

Structures on roots that allow them to obtain oxygen, mangroves,

A

pneaumatophores

96
Q

Storage of carbon (in carbohydrate form) to tolerate submergence
and oxygen depletion

A

rhizomes

97
Q

Development of root structure very close to the surface, often able
to resprout from these roots if buried by sediment deposits

A

adventitious roots

98
Q

Stability in flood conditions unstable “soft” soil conditions, tupelo

A

broad shallow root structures

99
Q

Structures that provide stability, Bald cypress trees

A

knee structures and wide trunk bases

100
Q 
“Disturbance corridors”
 Provide habitat for early
successional and secondary
successional plants (disclimax)
that differ from the surrounding
more mature (climax) matrix.
A

avalanches

101
Q 
Continental Disturbances
 Regional-scale patch dynamics, local-scale path and
corridor dynamics
 Oceanic Disturbances
 Island Biogeography
A

volcanoes

102
Q

Economics term for financial assistance given by one person or
government to another person or government

A

subsidy

103
Q

flows of biologically fixed energy and nutrients from one ecosystem to another ecosystem

A

resource subsidies

104
Q

refers to carbon, nutrient, and biological subsidy resources that come from outside the receiving ecosystem, they are found in a place other than where they were formed or originated

A

allochthonous

105
Q

resources are produced and found locally

A

autochthonous

106
Q

Direct nutritional resource from allochtonous materials  2. Reducing consumers cost to foraging by augmenting the food
supply
 3. Increased habitat diversity and availability of habitat resources

A

benefit of subsidies

107
Q

fine grained, small extent

A

large scale map

108
Q

coarse grained, large extent

A

small scale map

109
Q

a pattern of gradually decreasing species diversity from base to tip of a peninsula

A

funnel effect

110
Q

patches in rivers

A

instream patchs, criffles, runs, pools, variations in flow depth and velocity, islands,

111
Q

temperature variations in river patches

A

lower in elevation makes the water warmer, controls different patch habitat types

112
Q

organisms that create, modify, and maintains habitats by causing physical changes in biotic and abiotic materials directly or indirectly, moderate the availability of resources to other species

A

ecosystem engineers

113
Q

why don’t we consider all organisms ecosystem engineers?

A

restricted to those that act as keystone species, species that have a profound effect on population, community, and ecosystem interactions of their own and other species, may force disturbances on the landscape

114
Q

for biodiversity to increase, these criteria must be met

A

patch must have conditions not available anywhere else
a species no where else must live in the patch
the patches must not dominate the landscape

115
Q

chnage or alter conditions by altering the living or nonliving materials from one state to another, via mechanical or other means

A

allogenic engineers

116
Q

change the environment or conditions via their own physical structure, living or dead, where they create habitats for other organisms to live on or in

A

autogenic engineers

117
Q

examples of allogenic engineers

A

beavers, porcupines, badgers, harvest ants

118
Q

examples of autogenic engineers

A

canopy trees, lianas, coral, kelp

Landscape Biogeography (7 decks)

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