Exam 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
spatial or temporal dimension of an object or
process, varies based on the unit of analysis
A
scale
2
Q
maps…
A
simplify reality to communicate info
3
Q
the type and amount of information depends upon:
A
scale of analysis type of map observations and data used decisions of the cartographer what the map is being used for
4
Q
processes and forms operate over different
A
spatial and temporal scales
5
Q
Entirety of an object’s influence, everything it has potential to influence
A
domain
6
Q
Measurable nature of the observation
Ex: Spatial habitat range, seasonal productivit
A
dimension of observation
7
Q
finest level of resolution, minimum or maximum mapping unit
A
grain
8
Q
high resolution, more detail
A
fine grained
9
Q
low resolution, less detail
A
coarse grained
10
Q
size of study unit or length of time under
consideration
A
extent
11
Q
covers vast area or long period
time
A
large or longterm
12
Q
covers smaller area or shorter
time
A
small or short term
13
Q
level of spatial (or temporal) resolution at which an object or process has been measured or observed.
A
grain
14
Q
spatial (or
temporal) dimension
of an object or
process
A
extent
15
Q
rules for ecological scale: patterns are dependent upon
A
the scale of observation
16
Q
rules for ecological scale: patterns are generated by
A
processes acting over various temporal and spatial scales
17
Q
rules for ecological scales: statistical relationships may
A
change as scale changes
18
Q
rules for ecological scale: scale can be used to
A
justify or refute certain management practices and ideas about nature
19
Q
all the elements in a landscape
A
composition
20
Q
Arrangement of the spatial elements of a landscape, also
referred to as configuration
A
structure
21
Q
The interaction between the composition and the
structure and how these elements work for a given
organisms or ecosystem process
A
function
22
Q
Category within a classification scheme
Defined by the user to distinguish between habitats,
ecosystems, or vegetation types within a landscape
A
cover type
23
Q
we describe different elements by their
A
cover types
24
Q
Elements of Composition, Structure, and
Function that make up Cover Types
A
Patches Edges and Interiors Edge Effects Corridors Matrix Connectivity Barriers Fragmentation
25
Surface area that differs from it’s surroundings in nature or appearance
patches
26
Portion of a patch or corridor where environmental conditions along the
perimeter may differ from the interior of that patch
edge
27
Portion of a patch where the interior of the patch may differ from the
edges
interior
28
Relatively narrow strip of a particular cover type that differs from the matrix
areas adjacent to both sides
corridors
29
Background cover type that is more extensive than patches
matrix
30
Spatial continuity of a habitat type across the landscape
connectivity
31
Obstruction to connectivity
barriers
32
Division of a habitat type into smaller disconnected parcels
fragmentation
33
Different species composition, diversity, and
| abundance are found in the edge; this is
the edge effect
34
Circular patches and the
| interior-edge ratio
will vary with patch size
35
are those only or primarily located in or near patch perimeters
edge species
36
those
| located only or primarily away from the perimeter.
interior species
37
Factors affecting edge width:
sun angle and latitude, wind, age of patch, environmental resource variations (soil, substrate, moisture, etc.).
38
- a measure of the number of major lobes
| on a patch
convolution
39
because of their low interior-to-edge ratio, these
resemble elongated patches more than isodiametric
patches. They should therefore have a relative scarcity
of interior species
rings
40
a narrow extension or lobe of a patch. "The
funnel effect", a pattern of gradually decreasing
species diversity from base to tip of peninsula. Caused
by the loss of interior species as the peninsula narrows
or the edge widens
peninsula
41
Relatively narrow strip of a particular cover type that
| differs from the matrix areas adjacent to both sides
corridors
42
The major roles of corridors in a landscape
the dual and
somewhat opposing roles of dividing and tying together
the landscape.
43
the straighter the corridor, the shorter the distance, and generally then the faster the movement, between two points on the landscape.
curvilinearity
44
a measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor is. May be quantified simply by the number of breaks per unit length of corridor.
corridor connectivity
45
a discontinuity in a corridor
break
46
where the corridor has the form of an isthmus, must have similarities to the "funnel effect" of a peninsular patch.
narrows
47
a patch of similar environment attached to a corridor
node
48
narrow bands essentially dominated
throughout by edge species. Examples include paths, roads,
roadsides (verges), railroads, dikes, ditches, power lines,
above-ground pipeline right-of-ways, hedgerows,
herbaceous/shrubby strips, property boundaries, drainage
ditches, irrigation channels.
line corridors
49
wider bands, with a central interior
environment containing some abundance of interior
species.
strip corridors
50
- the riparian landscape bordering water
courses, varying in width according to the size of the
stream.
stream corridors
51
When there is
more complexity within the
network of patches and
corridors, species movement is
enhanced
52
The effect of a break in a corridor on movement of a
| species depends on
the length of the break relative to
the scale of species movement, and the contrast in
environment between the corridor and the break
53
functions of corridors
habitat, conduit, filters or barriers, source, sink
54
Corridors act as filters by
altering movement rates by
| type of object and over time.
55
A corridor is a source by functioning as
an area or
reservoir that gives off objects to the surrounding
matrix.
56
Corridors can absorb objects from the surrounding
| matrix functioning as
sinks
57
Pathways created by animals that they use daily,
| seasonally, or during an annual migration.
animal corridors
58
Spatial continuity of a habitat type or cover across a
| landscape
connectivity
59
The 5 Functions Can Depend on
corridor size and connectivity
60
longitudinal connectivity
Upstream to downstream and vice versa
61
lateral connectivity
River and floodplain exchanges, hillslopes and
| valley
62
vertical connectivity
flow depth and different wetted features,
| atmospheric exchanges
63
temporal connectivity
timing of when connectivity occurs
| (season), frequency, and duration of connetivity
64
Obstruction to connectivity, can be environmental or
| anthropogenic
barriers
65
Quality or state of consisting of dissimilar elements, as
with mixed habitats or cover types occurring on a
landscape
heterogeneity
66
Short-term physical or biological event that
| significantly alters an ecosystem
disturbance
67
capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a
| disturbance
resilience
68
Some disturbances are so profound the
ecosystem may not be resilient to recovery, in which case,
the disturbance causes a threshold change to an
ecosystem where the new ecosystem is much different
that before
threshold
69
Changes in an ecosystem where one species or
| community replaces another
successional changes
70
Each successive community of species modifies the
| environment to
make it more suitable for the
| establishment of the next community
71
Usually succession progresses from
more simple to
| more complex ecosystems BUT not always
72
sequence of succession stages
sere
73
establishment of one species modifies the
environment to make it suitable for other species to
establish
facilitation
74
Area of bare rock or soil becomes inhabited by a new
community of species
Disturbance: major volcanic activity
Development of new depositional landforms – river bars
and aeolian dunes environments
Newly exposed landforms – glacial environments
primary succession
75
Natural community previously existed and was disturbed
but soil is still viable
Disturbance: wildfires, minor volcanic activity,
hurricanes, tornados, floods, landslides, logging
secondary succession
76
Progressive change over time from aquatic habitat to
terrestrial habitat
Rate will vary based on processes controlling the
transition
Infilling of sediments (in case of lake or wetland) or
climate change to drier conditions and loss of wetted
(hydric) habitat
aquatic to terrestrial succession
77
Only one climax is recognized for a given community
| and that is determined by regional climate
Climatic Climax Theory: Clements 1918
78
More than one climax community may occur due to
difference in soil moisture, nutrients, topography,
slope, animal activity, and fire
Polyclimax Theory: Tansley 1935
79
Variety of climaxes due to abiotic and biotic controls
and climax vegetation patterns will change with
changing environmental conditions
Climax Pattern Theory: Whittaker 1953
80
Changes in an ecosystem conditions can result in
abrupt shifts to another ecosystem type
Certain ‘states’ can be stable for varying periods of
time before a disturbance occurs and a new ‘state’
occurs and becomes the temporary norm
Not easily predictable what will happen from one
state to the next
Function of ecosystem resilience and thresholds
Alternative Stable States: Lewontin 1969
81
exceptions to climax theory: Early and late seral stages establish at the same
time, difference in growth rates, and response to
increasing competition
tolerance
82
exceptions to climax theory: Proximity to seed sources and dispersal mechanisms
will control succession, early colonizers will inhibit
other species and dominate, competition, etc.
inhibition
83
exceptions to climax theory: Random arrival and survival of species after
disturbance, no facilitation or inhibition
random
84
physical disturbances
Fire, wind, floods, avalanches, landslides,
| volcanoes
85
biological disturbances
pathogens and pests
86
human disturbances
Logging, dam operations, land cover
| changes, prescribed fires
87
Burns ground cover, leaves the trees standing – may burn lower
branches, but fire does not reach canopy Lower intensity, higher frequency Promote growth of grasslands and suppression of shrubs and tree
seedlings
surface fires
88
ground to canopy connection, high intensity, lower frequency
canopy fires
89
plant adaptations to fire
bark thickness, epicormic sprouting, lignotubers, serotinous cones, scarification, thick seed coating
90
Regrowth of foliage post-fires from dormant buds under bark
epicormic sprouting
91
Sprouting from buds near root-surface interface
lignotubers
92
Cones which require fires to release seeds
serotinous cones
93
Seeds which require heating by fire to be viable
scarification
94
Strip foliage, breaks branches, uproots trees, snaps
| trees midway up trunks, background mortality
wind disturbance
95
Structures on roots that allow them to obtain oxygen, mangroves,
pneaumatophores
96
Storage of carbon (in carbohydrate form) to tolerate submergence
and oxygen depletion
rhizomes
97
Development of root structure very close to the surface, often able
to resprout from these roots if buried by sediment deposits
adventitious roots
98
Stability in flood conditions unstable “soft” soil conditions, tupelo
broad shallow root structures
99
Structures that provide stability, Bald cypress trees
knee structures and wide trunk bases
100
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“Disturbance corridors”
Provide habitat for early
successional and secondary
successional plants (disclimax)
that differ from the surrounding
more mature (climax) matrix.
```
avalanches
101
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Continental Disturbances
Regional-scale patch dynamics, local-scale path and
corridor dynamics
Oceanic Disturbances
Island Biogeography
```
volcanoes
102
Economics term for financial assistance given by one person or
government to another person or government
subsidy
103
flows of biologically fixed energy and nutrients from one ecosystem to another ecosystem
resource subsidies
104
refers to carbon, nutrient, and biological subsidy resources that come from outside the receiving ecosystem, they are found in a place other than where they were formed or originated
allochthonous
105
resources are produced and found locally
autochthonous
106
Direct nutritional resource from allochtonous materials 2. Reducing consumers cost to foraging by augmenting the food
supply
3. Increased habitat diversity and availability of habitat resources
benefit of subsidies
107
fine grained, small extent
large scale map
108
coarse grained, large extent
small scale map
109
a pattern of gradually decreasing species diversity from base to tip of a peninsula
funnel effect
110
patches in rivers
instream patchs, criffles, runs, pools, variations in flow depth and velocity, islands,
111
temperature variations in river patches
lower in elevation makes the water warmer, controls different patch habitat types
112
organisms that create, modify, and maintains habitats by causing physical changes in biotic and abiotic materials directly or indirectly, moderate the availability of resources to other species
ecosystem engineers
113
why don't we consider all organisms ecosystem engineers?
restricted to those that act as keystone species, species that have a profound effect on population, community, and ecosystem interactions of their own and other species, may force disturbances on the landscape
114
for biodiversity to increase, these criteria must be met
patch must have conditions not available anywhere else
a species no where else must live in the patch
the patches must not dominate the landscape
115
chnage or alter conditions by altering the living or nonliving materials from one state to another, via mechanical or other means
allogenic engineers
116
change the environment or conditions via their own physical structure, living or dead, where they create habitats for other organisms to live on or in
autogenic engineers
117
examples of allogenic engineers
beavers, porcupines, badgers, harvest ants
118
examples of autogenic engineers
canopy trees, lianas, coral, kelp
