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Landscape Biogeography > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main limiting factors

A

insolation, temperature, elevation, moisture

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2
Q

the most important component that inhibits biological operations through its lack or excess

A

limiting factor

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3
Q

global variations in insolation by latitude

A

further away from the equator the less light received, more oblate angle of insolation

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4
Q

sun loving, grow best in full light

A

heliophytes

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5
Q

shade loving, grow best in shade

A

sciophytes

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6
Q

have small, thick leaves, slightly curles, reflective or waxy covered, larger number of stomata, orientation, furry/hairy, light coloring, spines instead of leaves

A

heliophytes

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7
Q

have large, broad leaves and more chlorophyll

A

sciophytes

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8
Q

temp moderated by proximity to ocean

A

maritime and continentality effect

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9
Q

temp decreases as elevation increases

A

lapse rate

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10
Q

take on the temp of their environments

A

poikeliotherms

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11
Q

.

A

C3 photosynthesis

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12
Q

.

A

C4 photosynthesis

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13
Q

.

A

CAM photosynthesis

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14
Q

animals that maintain stable temp through metabolic generation

A

homeotherms

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15
Q

adaptations to temp for hot conditions

A

sweating and panting

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16
Q

adaptations to temp for cold conditions

A

fat and thick coats or fur

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17
Q

the length of extremities like ears and arms increase with increasing temp

A

allen’s rule

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18
Q

does windward or leeward have more moisture

A

windward

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19
Q

low moisture adaptations, dry environments

A

xeric

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20
Q

water stress avoiders, will go dormant, drop leaves, hard waxy cuticles, deep or extensive roots, water storage strategies, spines, nighttime photosynthesis

A

xerophytes

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21
Q

mod-high moisture adaptations, have shallow, broad root structures for stability, dense plant stability, high net primary productivity

A

mesic

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22
Q

high moistures, flooded often

A

hydric

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23
Q

high tolerance for temp and soil moisture

A

generalists

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24
Q

low tolerance range for limiting factors

A

specialists

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25
Q

generalist species example, wide range of moisture and temp, wide range in the us

A

red maple

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26
Q

specialist, low tolerance, confined range of the pacific northwest

A

coastal redwoods

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27
Q

generalist species, for nesting and feeding, ranges vary seasonally with temp, most of north america

A

mallard duck

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28
Q

specialist, low tolerance, limited by habitat needs of itself and its food source- apple snails,

A

snail kite

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29
Q

 Group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and reproductively isolated from other groups

A

biological species concept

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30
Q

Group of organisms of a

similar species

A

population

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31
Q

“an assemblage of all species and their populations which occur together in a particular area and interact with each other and their surroundings”

A

community

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32
Q

diversity, density, composition, and

biomass

A

community structure

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33
Q

dynamic properties of relationships,
behaviors, competition, resource use, interactions, and activities
that affect energy flow and nutrient cycling

A

community function

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34
Q

all the species, all the features of that place’s
physical environment, and all the interactions between
the biotic and abiotic components of the system

A

ecosystem

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35
Q

Self-regulating association of living (and dead)
organisms and their nonliving physical and chemical
environment

A

ecosystem

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36
Q

ecosystems are scale…

A

independent, depends on unit of analysis,

organisms, or process of interest

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37
Q 
Physical location within an
ecosystem occupied by an
organism, population, or
community, and the resources
the organism requires
A

habitat

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38
Q

Function or “occupation” of an
organism within a community,
how it uses resources and
contributes to the ecosystem

A

niche

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39
Q

Major ecosystem type
 “Emphasis on the regional scale, and on the
significance of global climate and edaphic
controls on biotic communities”

A

biome

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40
Q

major terrestrial biomes

A

.

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41
Q

Smaller unit of analysis than Biome

A

ecoregion

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42
Q

Part of an organism that can disperse

A

propagule

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43
Q

flora propagule

A

seed, leaf, branch, spores

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44
Q

fauna propagule

A

reproductive pair or small groups of animals, eggs

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45
Q

Propagule must be able to

A

establish a viable reproducing

population to survive

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46
Q

Occurs when a propagule arrives in an area
previously unoccupied by the species and
establishes a reproducing population

A

colonization

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47
Q 
Physical limiting factors
 Habitat resources
 Food and nutrients
 Competition
 Predation
A

factors that can impede colonization

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48
Q

within ecosystem and habitat dispersal

A

intra-range

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49
Q

regional dispersal across larger area

A

extra-range

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50
Q

intra-range is usually

A

Specialist, low tolerance to limiting factors
 Limited by habitat needs and food source – apple
snails and apple kites

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51
Q

extra-range is usually

A

 Higher tolerance to range of varying conditions
 Range expansion into new areas
 Generalist for nesting and feeding
 Range may vary seasonally with temperatures
 Common with disturbance tolerate species,
invasives, and exotics

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52
Q

of individuals that an environment can support

A

carrying capacity

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53
Q

carrying capacity is a resource…

A

dependent measure

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54
Q

number of different species

A

diversity

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55
Q

who and what

A

composition

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56
Q

number of individuals

A

density

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57
Q

once CC is reached,

A

competition increases and population growth slows

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58
Q

if there is rapid growth greater than cc, this may result in

A

catastrophic decline and exploitation of resources

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59
Q

Spread to adjacent areas close to the source

A

diffusion

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60
Q

slow diffusion example

A

Armadillo – central Mexico into mid- and

eastern- US, hundreds of years

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61
Q

fast diffusion example

A

Starling – NY to Pacific Coast in

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62
Q

Away from range limits to a new area
 Island colonization
 Often transported by supplemental means

A

jump dispersal

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63
Q

pattern of range expansion: initial rate is

A

Initial rate is often slow, rate increases as

population grows toward carrying capacity

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64
Q

pattern of range expansion: population

A

builds, species expands

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65
Q

pattern of range expansion: growth and range expansion

A

limited by env, and bio controls

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66
Q

pattern of range expansion: carrying capacity is

A

met and population fluxuates

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67
Q

passive dispersal

A

plants

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68
Q

active dispersal

A

animals

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69
Q

wind blown, light, aerodynamic, wing and fan

A

anemachores

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70
Q

water dispersed, on water surface, hydrophytes

A

hydrochores

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71
Q

animal dispersal, internally defecate, and external in burs,

A

zoochores

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72
Q

gravity dispersed, drop from plants, rounded

A

barochores

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73
Q

moved by humans

A

anthropochores

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74
Q

species with high dispersal and colonization among a variety of different habitat types, early colonizers after a disturbance

A

supertramps

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75
Q

the area around its home / territory
that is used for feeding and other daily activities,
often shared with other species

A

homerange

76
Q

the area defended against intrusions by

other individuals of the same species

A

territory

77
Q

one way movement of an individual
from its home range where it was born to a new
home range

A

dispersal

78
Q

the cyclic movement of animals
between separated areas that are used during
different seasons for different life stages

A

migration

79
Q

migration can be

A

latitudinal, vertical. upstream or downstream

80
Q

reasons for migrating

A

food, temp, safety, reproduction, but most tied together

81
Q

Genetically controlled changes in physiology and behavior

A

evolution

82
Q

change within a species

A

micro evolution

83
Q

change within a taxonomic group

A

macro evolution

84
Q

Development of two or more genetically differentiable species from a single common ancestor species

A

speciation

85
Q

different species from the same ancestor

A

clade

86
Q

speciation results from

A

evolutionary change, but not all evolutionary change results in development of two or more species

87
Q

Total genetic message in a cell or individual, genotypic variations control phenotypic variations between different species

A

genotype

88
Q

expression of a genetic message - variation in morphology, physiology, behavior of different species or variation with same species

A

phenotype

89
Q

variation of appearance within a pop

A

polymorphism

90
Q

geographic gradient in a genetically controlled trait

A

cline

91
Q

Creation of new alleles and chromosome structure

A

genetic mutations

92
Q

As new genes form over time, some are mutated, others are lost – these ‘chance’ changes can lead to development of new species through process of

A

genetic drift

93
Q

genetic drift is usually successful when pop is

A

smalla nd geographically isolated or isolated by range limits

94
Q

Event or catastrophe reduces the population size and the remaining survivors influence the allele diversity of the next reproducing generations.

A

bottleneck effect

95
Q

Promotes certain beneficial traits and represses others

A

natural selection

96
Q

Promotes certain beneficial traits and represses others

A

adaptive radiation

97
Q

formation of new species by geographic isolation

A

allopatric speciation

98
Q

rapid speciation with isolated populations

A

founder principle

99
Q

occupy same type of habitat but separated by a barrier and thus speciation can occur

A

peripatric speciation

100
Q

formation of new species in same geographic area

A

sympatric speciation

101
Q

evolutionary divergence of species in same area occupying different habitats

A

parapatric speciation

102
Q

finches are an example of

A

jump dispersal that led to allopatric speciation to multiple species on the hawaiian islands

103
Q

chiclids are an example of

A

sympatric speciation

104
Q

how does adaptive radiation occur

A

differences in life cycle timing, adaptions to environmental gradients, behavior recognition of courtship activites

105
Q

theory of phyletic gradualism

A

Speciation is slow, uniform, and gradual
New traits arise by mutation
Traits with greater reproductive success are selected
Dominant traits and genetic change can take multiple generations but follow single line of decent

106
Q

theory of “quantum evolution” punctuated equilibrium

A

Many evolutionary changes occur in small populations at periphery of species ranges or in isolated areas
If changes occurring at periphery are beneficial, they may spread quickly, producing rapid genetic change
Periphery areas = gradients between different environmental conditions = more selective pressure for beneficial traits

107
Q

Evolution and Organism Complexity

A

Darwin - single cell organisms as “lower”, multi-cell as “higher”

108
Q

problems with darwins view of complexity

A

difficult to define complex (grasses, magnolias)

Horses were once much smaller, now they are very large

109
Q

The rate of adaptation and speciation is typically

A

slower than rate of environmental change (but not always…)

110
Q

development of similar trait in related but distinct species descending from a common ancestor

A

parallel evolution

111
Q

Development of similar morphological and physiological traits of very different species (different taxonomy) living in geographically separate regions.

A

convergent evolution

112
Q

Two species evolve traits tied to their interactions:

A

coevolution

113
Q

“arms race” : Mollusks and snails form harder and harder shells to prevent being cracked and eaten by crabs and fish, in turn, the predators evolve larger and stronger claws or jaws for eating the mollusks

A

. Predator / Prey and or Parasite / Host relationships:

114
Q

Plants and their pollinators

A

Symbiotic or mutualistic relationships

115
Q

Brood parasites: Cowbird eggs mimic other species, the cowbird abandoned the egg and young to be feed by other species

A

competitive species

116
Q

Biological Diversity of Species on Earth

A

biodiversity

117
Q

biodiversity

A

richness, quantity of individuals, genetic diversity, habitat and ecosystem diversity

118
Q

energy: earth is a

A

closed system

119
Q

ecosytems are

A

semi closed systems, cyclic transfers of energy

120
Q 
Make energy from
raw-organic sources
such as light or
inorganic chemical
reactions
 Plants, algae, some
bacteria
A

autotrophs

121
Q

Get energy from
consumption
 Animals, fungi,
bacteria

A

heterotrophs

122
Q

autotrophs, photosynthesizers

A

producers

123
Q

heterotrophs primary

A

herbivore

124
Q

heterotrophs secondary

A

carnivores and omnivores

125
Q

heterotrophs tertiary and quaternary

A

top carnivores, omnivores

126
Q

energy from birds and mamma;s

A

3%

127
Q

energy from fish

A

10%

128
Q

energy from insects

A

39%

129
Q

how much energy from lower level is passed on

A

10%

130
Q

Total number of consumers any ecosystem can support is

limited by

A

the number of producers

131
Q

autotrophs are primarily along the coasts, therefore

A

marine primary consumers are also along the coast

132
Q

One organism consumes another
 Presence or absence of prey can control distribution and
population of predator
 Presence or absence of predator can control distribution
and population of prey

A

predation

133
Q

selective predation

A

Stenophagus:

134
Q

non selective predation

A

euryphagus

135
Q

Two or more organisms with the same resource

requirements competing for the same resource

A

competition

136
Q

interaction between individuals of two or
more different species in which the growth and/or fertility
is decreased and the mortality is increased for both
species, within community competition

A

interspecific

137
Q

interaction between two or more
individuals of the same species in which the growth
and/or fertility is decreased and the mortality is increased
within that species, within population competition

A

intraspecific

138
Q

no direct contact or interaction

 Two species of birds that eat the same prey

A

resource exploitation

139
Q

intraspecific is a common factor of

A

sympatric speciation

140
Q

direct physical interaction or chemical reaction

 One organism directly inhibits its competition

A

interference

141
Q

physically limits establishment in an area - animals

A

aggression

142
Q

when an organisms exudes a chemical that is

harmful to another organisms - plants

A

allelopathy

143
Q

Close association between two species that generally

develops through co-evolution

A

symbiosis

144
Q

interaction that benefits both species involved

A

mutualism

145
Q

Benefits one species with no impact on other species

A

commensualism

146
Q

One species benefits at the expense of the other

A

parasitism

147
Q

One species evolves the appearance or behavior of

another species

A

mimicry

148
Q

one poisonous/unpalatable species mimics another
poisonous/unpalatable species- both benefit from this mimicry
and they may or may not be closely related species

A

mullerian mimicry

149
Q

palatable species mimics an unpalatable species

A

batesian mimicry

150
Q

Organisms that influence the whole
composition of ecosystems by controlling
the population sizes of prey and/or
competing species

A

keystone species

151
Q

Dating materials and surfaces
 Ice cores
 Glaciations and responses to deglaciation
 Paylnology and Dendrochronology

A

geophysical tools for reconstructing climate

152
Q

longest term changes
Unstable elements, measure decay of half life
 Earth’s age 4.6 billion years

A

rADIOACTIVE MATERIAL DATING

153
Q

mid-long term changes

Exposure at surface ~ 200k years ago

A

cosmogenic dating

154
Q

-200k years

materials with low calcium, uranium, thorium

A

optically stimulated luminescence

155
Q

pleistocen-holocene
Measure “recent” ages/dates ~ last 50k yrs
 Organic remains
 14C half life = ~5,700 years

A

radiocarbon dating

156
Q

Bubbles trapped in ice as snow is
compacted, air is released and gas
contents are measured (ex: Oxygen
isotopes)

A

ice cores

157
Q

greenland ice vs antarctic ice

A

100k vs 400k

158
Q

extended period of cold
temperatures that includes one or more
glacial and interglacial periods

A

ice ages

159
Q

Extent of Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM) in North
America, Europe, Russia,
and Asia

A

20k years ago

160
Q 
Shifts in extent and
distribution of forest
and deserts
 Warmer air holds more
moisture and
produces more precip
A

climate change sand biota

161
Q

Biological Tools for
measuring climate and biota
change

A

palynology
packrat middens
dendrochronology and other dendro sciences

162
Q

Study of fossil pollen and spore

analysis, often from sediment cores

A

palynology

163
Q

palynology biological reconstructions

A

Pollen disperses and settles on soil, in
lakes, oceans, peatlands, etc.
 Soils cores and pollen record can be used
to reconstruct biotic distributions

164
Q

Up to 40,000 years biological and
climate history of fossilized “garbage”
 Pollen, leaves, seeds, bones and other animal
parts, etc.

A

packrat and ringtail cat middens

165
Q 
Tree ring analysis
 Date time when rings form
 Annual cambium, 1 ring = 1 year
 Conifers 1,000 – 4,000 yrs.
 Infer temperature, moisture, disturbances
A

dendrochronology

166
Q

measure climate fluctuations

A

dendroclimatology

167
Q

fire occurence

A

pyrodendrochronology

168
Q

measure geomorphic processes

A

dendrogeomorphology

169
Q

Isolated patches for studying ecosystem dynamics
 Population and community level interactions
Unique adaptations and evolutionary changes to
specialized niches
 Islands are, in a sense, natural laboratories!

A

significance of island biogeography

170
Q

islands can be

A

usual islands, ponds, mountain peaks, natural habitats surrounded by altered land uses

171
Q

Species on islands are similar to that of the closest mainland
areas, often subset of the total species pool
 Groups of islands in close proximity will contain similar subsets
of species

A

insular communities

172
Q

Species found nowhere else – species which evolved on the island
 More isolated islands support greater number of endemics

A

endemics

173
Q

Correlation between island size and species richness:
 Larger islands support greater species richness than
smaller islands

A

species area relationship

174
Q

Islands nearer to the mainland receive greater number
of immigrants than islands farther from the mainland
 Species richness decreases with isolation

A

species isolation relationship

175
Q

Theory that there is a nearly consistent relationship, between species richness, island size, and island isolation, changes in species relationships

A

species turnover

176
Q

STETIB: immigration is initially

A

high and then decreases

177
Q

STETIB: extinctions are initially

A

low and then increase over time

178
Q

STETIB: consistent exchange between

A

immigration and extinction which maintains equilibrium of species richness

179
Q

exceptions to ETIB: highly transient species

A

Move very easily from mainland to island

 Birds, insects, hydrochores and consistent currents

180
Q

exceptions to ETIB: small island effect

A

there may be a threshold
size for an island before this relationship holds…
 Islands can be so small there is minimal change in
species immigration and extinction
 Species diversity and population density remain low
and stable
 Minimal habitat diversity and niches are all filled

181
Q

exceptions to ETIB: rescue effect

A

Islands near mainland may have significantly lower
extinction rates and thus lower turnover rates
 Small populations are rescued from extinction by the
continued arrival of immigrants from the same species, i.e.
struggling populations are periodically replenished from
source group of insular communities on the mainland

182
Q

exceptions to ETIB: target area effect

A

 Larger islands are larger targets, even when isolated

183
Q

Island forms often evolve a huge body size compared

to mainland relatives. Mostly a function of lack of predation

A

gigantism

184
Q

 Limited food sources, esp. for grazers (primary consumers), may
restrict size, Lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and artiodactyls (deer, hippos,
and other even-toed ungulates)

A

dwarfism

185
Q

y loss or reduction of
wings. It has been seen in huge numbers of both insects and birds
on most island groups.

A

flightlessness

186
Q

most known extinctions since 1600 have been

A

on islands

Landscape Biogeography (7 decks)

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