Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 150 > Exam 3 November (DNA and RNA) > Flashcards

Exam 3 November (DNA and RNA) Flashcards

1
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosomes found in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gene

A

section of DNA on a chromosome that is code for making a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the average number of genes on an individual chromosome for humans?

A

1000 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the total number of human genes?

A

30,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much DNA in a chromosome actually codes for a protein?

A

2%, 98% of DNA is non coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of non coding DNA?

A

It is often involved in the regulation of when proteins are made, and how much protein is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urban Center

A

section of DNA w/ a high concentration of genes, stain black in karyotypes, have a lot of C-G pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Desert

A

Area on a chromosome with a low concentration of genes, stains white in karyotypes, have a lot of A-T pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Codon

A

Series of 3 RNA nucleotides, codes for one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Start Codon (AUG)

A

indicates where transition begins, always codes for methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stop Codon

A

Nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals termination of translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Properties of the DNA Code

A

Redundant: more than one codon codes for each amino acid
Unambiguous: each codon codes for one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Properties of the DNA code (2)

A

Universal: almost every organism uses the same code
Conservative: When more than one codon codes for an amino acid, on the the last (third) base pair is different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that assembles mRNA, only assembles mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mutation

A

any change in the normal structure of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Point mutation

A

change of one base pair in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in nucleotide that does not change the amino acid specified by the codon, it changes the genotype but no change in phenotype. usually neutral with respect to fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Missense (replacement) mutation

A

Change in nucleotide that changes amino acid specified by codon, it changes the primary structure of protein, may be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nonsense

A

Change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon, premature termination-polypeptide is truncated. Usually deleterious.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Frameshift

A

Addition or deletion of a nucleotide. The reading frame is shifted-massive missense. Usually deleterious, all amino acids after the mutation can be affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Beneficial Mutation

A

results in increased genetic fitness, can result in evolution of a population over time, least prevalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Deleterious Mutation

A

mutation that results in lower genetic fitness, second most prevalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neutral Mutation

A

mutation that results in no change in genetic fitness, most prevalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long is human DNA?

A

3 billion base pairs long (longest chromosome is 250 million base pairs long, shortest is 50 million base pairs)

25
How long is bacteria DNA?
1.6 million base pairs
26
Chromosome
chunk of DNA (double-helix) form and some associated structural proteins
27
Enzyme
Catalyzes chemical reactions in living things, allows chemical reactions to proceed to products and can increase the rate at which chemical reactions proceed
28
Active Site
Where reactants bind to enzyme
29
Activation energy
energy that needs to be added to the reaction for it to proceed to products
30
Enzyme assisted reaction
Activation energy is lowered, but the energy released from the reaction is the same as when the enzyme is not used
31
What is the promoter on eukaryotic DNA?
TATA
32
How long are most promoters on DNA?
25 nucleotides
33
Transcription Factors
proteins that need to bind to the promotor in order for RNA polymerase to bind to the DNA
34
Intron
contains nucleotides not need for translation and must be removed
35
Pre-mRNA
initial mRNA formed at the end of transcription, average length in humans is 27,000 nucleotides long
36
poly A Tail
10-250 A nucleotides added to the end of mRNA
37
What are the 5' cap and poly A tail needed for?
to stabilize the mRNA and to help it travel through the nuclear membrane and get into the cytosol
38
What is a spliceosome?
Made from a combo of RNA and protein, function is to cut out introns and reattach exons
39
What are the 5 characteristics of life?
cells, energy, DNA, reproduce, populations evolve
40
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA-->transcribed-->RNA translated
41
What is a genome?
It is a collection of all DNA in a cell, it determines proteome
42
What is a proteome?
All the proteins in a certain cell or individual, determines our physical traits
43
What is phenotype?
collection of physical traits in an organism
44
What is a nucleotide?
monomer for both DNA and RNA
45
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base
46
What two nitrogenous bases are pyrimadines?
Cytosine and Thyamine
47
What two nitrogenous bases are purines?
Guanine and Adenine
48
What carbon does the phospate always bind to?
5 carbon
49
What carbon does the nitrogenous base always bind to?
1 carbon
50
Condensation reaction
results in the formation of a covalent bond between the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide, and the phosphate of a second nucleotide
51
Phosphodiester bond
bond formed between two DNA nucleotides
52
What is the order of DNA structure?
Nucleotide + phosphodiester bond--> a strand + hydrogen bonds-->double stranded DNA + twisting --> helix of double stranded DNA
53
What is RNA composed of?
phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar
54
Characteristics of RNA
nitro bases are C-G and A-U, single stranded, has primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, RNA is less stable than DNA due to the OH group on its sugar
55
What is the primary structure of DNA?
order of the nitrogenous bases in a strand
56
What is the secondary structure of DNA?
helix
57
What is the tertiary and quaternary structure of RNA?
tertiary=globular shape, quaternary= structure formed when 2 or more molec of RNA bind together to form a larger structure
58
What is translation?
Using the mRNA code to synthesize a protein
59
What are ribosomes made of?
they are made of a protein and ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Biology 150 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions