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Biology 150 > Exam 3 November (DNA and RNA) > Flashcards

Exam 3 November (DNA and RNA) Flashcards

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1
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosomes found in an organism

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2
Q

gene

A

section of DNA on a chromosome that is code for making a protein

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3
Q

What is the average number of genes on an individual chromosome for humans?

A

1000 genes

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4
Q

What is the total number of human genes?

A

30,000

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5
Q

How much DNA in a chromosome actually codes for a protein?

A

2%, 98% of DNA is non coding

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6
Q

What is the function of non coding DNA?

A

It is often involved in the regulation of when proteins are made, and how much protein is made

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7
Q

Urban Center

A

section of DNA w/ a high concentration of genes, stain black in karyotypes, have a lot of C-G pairs

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8
Q

Desert

A

Area on a chromosome with a low concentration of genes, stains white in karyotypes, have a lot of A-T pairs

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9
Q

Codon

A

Series of 3 RNA nucleotides, codes for one amino acid

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10
Q

Start Codon (AUG)

A

indicates where transition begins, always codes for methionine

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11
Q

Stop Codon

A

Nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals termination of translation

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12
Q

Properties of the DNA Code

A

Redundant: more than one codon codes for each amino acid
Unambiguous: each codon codes for one amino acid

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13
Q

Properties of the DNA code (2)

A

Universal: almost every organism uses the same code
Conservative: When more than one codon codes for an amino acid, on the the last (third) base pair is different

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14
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that assembles mRNA, only assembles mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction

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15
Q

Mutation

A

any change in the normal structure of DNA

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16
Q

Point mutation

A

change of one base pair in DNA

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17
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in nucleotide that does not change the amino acid specified by the codon, it changes the genotype but no change in phenotype. usually neutral with respect to fitness

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18
Q

Missense (replacement) mutation

A

Change in nucleotide that changes amino acid specified by codon, it changes the primary structure of protein, may be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious

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19
Q

Nonsense

A

Change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon, premature termination-polypeptide is truncated. Usually deleterious.

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20
Q

Frameshift

A

Addition or deletion of a nucleotide. The reading frame is shifted-massive missense. Usually deleterious, all amino acids after the mutation can be affected.

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21
Q

Beneficial Mutation

A

results in increased genetic fitness, can result in evolution of a population over time, least prevalent

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22
Q

Deleterious Mutation

A

mutation that results in lower genetic fitness, second most prevalent

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23
Q

Neutral Mutation

A

mutation that results in no change in genetic fitness, most prevalent

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24
Q

How long is human DNA?

A

3 billion base pairs long (longest chromosome is 250 million base pairs long, shortest is 50 million base pairs)

25
Q

How long is bacteria DNA?

A

1.6 million base pairs

26
Q

Chromosome

A

chunk of DNA (double-helix) form and some associated structural proteins

27
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyzes chemical reactions in living things, allows chemical reactions to proceed to products and can increase the rate at which chemical reactions proceed

28
Q

Active Site

A

Where reactants bind to enzyme

29
Q

Activation energy

A

energy that needs to be added to the reaction for it to proceed to products

30
Q

Enzyme assisted reaction

A

Activation energy is lowered, but the energy released from the reaction is the same as when the enzyme is not used

31
Q

What is the promoter on eukaryotic DNA?

A

TATA

32
Q

How long are most promoters on DNA?

A

25 nucleotides

33
Q

Transcription Factors

A

proteins that need to bind to the promotor in order for RNA polymerase to bind to the DNA

34
Q

Intron

A

contains nucleotides not need for translation and must be removed

35
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

initial mRNA formed at the end of transcription, average length in humans is 27,000 nucleotides long

36
Q

poly A Tail

A

10-250 A nucleotides added to the end of mRNA

37
Q

What are the 5’ cap and poly A tail needed for?

A

to stabilize the mRNA and to help it travel through the nuclear membrane and get into the cytosol

38
Q

What is a spliceosome?

A

Made from a combo of RNA and protein, function is to cut out introns and reattach exons

39
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of life?

A

cells, energy, DNA, reproduce, populations evolve

40
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA–>transcribed–>RNA translated

41
Q

What is a genome?

A

It is a collection of all DNA in a cell, it determines proteome

42
Q

What is a proteome?

A

All the proteins in a certain cell or individual, determines our physical traits

43
Q

What is phenotype?

A

collection of physical traits in an organism

44
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

monomer for both DNA and RNA

45
Q

What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base

46
Q

What two nitrogenous bases are pyrimadines?

A

Cytosine and Thyamine

47
Q

What two nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Guanine and Adenine

48
Q

What carbon does the phospate always bind to?

A

5 carbon

49
Q

What carbon does the nitrogenous base always bind to?

A

1 carbon

50
Q

Condensation reaction

A

results in the formation of a covalent bond between the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide, and the phosphate of a second nucleotide

51
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

bond formed between two DNA nucleotides

52
Q

What is the order of DNA structure?

A

Nucleotide + phosphodiester bond–> a strand + hydrogen bonds–>double stranded DNA + twisting –> helix of double stranded DNA

53
Q

What is RNA composed of?

A

phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar

54
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

nitro bases are C-G and A-U, single stranded, has primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, RNA is less stable than DNA due to the OH group on its sugar

55
Q

What is the primary structure of DNA?

A

order of the nitrogenous bases in a strand

56
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA?

A

helix

57
Q

What is the tertiary and quaternary structure of RNA?

A

tertiary=globular shape, quaternary= structure formed when 2 or more molec of RNA bind together to form a larger structure

58
Q

What is translation?

A

Using the mRNA code to synthesize a protein

59
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

they are made of a protein and ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Biology 150 (7 decks)

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