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Biology 150 > Exam 1 September > Flashcards

Exam 1 September Flashcards

1
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

forms when 2 atoms have unequal pull on shared electrons, electronegativities are between 0.5 and 1.5

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2
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bond

A

almost equal pull on electrons, electronegativity is less than .5

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3
Q

How does and Ionic Bond form?

A
  1. one atom loses one or more electrons, forming a postive ion
  2. another atom gains one or more elctrons, forming a negative ion
  3. positive and negative ions attract each other
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4
Q

State the four most common elements found in living things

A

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

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5
Q

Define Isotope

A

a version of an element with a different number of neutrons than the original version

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6
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

Define Electronegativity.

A

The force of which the nucleus of an atom pulls on its electrons

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8
Q

define ion

A

charged atom, that loses or gains an e

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9
Q

Prokaryotic

A

organisms of domains bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

eukaryotic

A

animals, fungi, protists, plants

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11
Q

cytosol

A

inside all cells, semi fluid, jelly like, subcellular components are suspended

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

carry genes in form of DNA

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13
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes

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14
Q

Where is the DNA located in a cell?

A

eukaryotic: double membrane nucleus
prokaryotic: nucleoid (no membrane)

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15
Q

size of the smallest cells known

A

mycoplasmas, diameters between .1 and 1.0 micrometers

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16
Q

microvilli

A

small, thin projections from some cells that increase surface area

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17
Q

Why do eukaryotic cells have extensive internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments?

A

It allows different local environments to exist, allowing incompatible processes to occur simultaneously inside a single cell

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18
Q

What are most biological membranes made of?

A

Double layer of phospholipids and other lipids, diverse proteins are embedded in this layer or attached to surface

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19
Q

How did the first living cells appear?

A
  1. synthesis of organic compounds on early earth
  2. early atmosphere was electron-adding environment (Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis)
  3. Neutral atomosphere (Miller Urey)
  4. Organic molecules formed near volcanic vents
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20
Q

All organisms must be able to ____________.

A

reproduce and metabolize

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21
Q

vesicles

A

fluid filled compartments enclosed by a membrane like structure

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22
Q

What was most likely the first genetic material?

A

RNA— RNA plays a central role in protein synthesis, but can preform many enzyme-like catalytic functions

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23
Q

Double Stranded DNA is more _______ than RNA, resulting in________.

A

chemically stable, more accurately replicated genetic info

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24
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

some of oldest known fossils, great impact due to the release of oxygen to earths atmosphere during the water splitting step of photosynthesis

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25
Metabolism
the totality of an organisms chemical reactions
26
Metabolic pathway
a specific molecule is altered in a series of steps catalyzed by specific enzymes, resulting in a product
27
Catabolic pathway
start with large molecules and breaking them done into small molecules, usually spontaneous
28
Anabolic pathway
start with small molec and combine to form big molec, usually non spontaneous
29
energy
the capacity to cause change
30
kinetic energy
energy associated with the relative motion of objects
31
thermal energy
kinetic energy assoc. w/ the random mvmt of atoms or molec.
32
heat
thermal energy in transfer from one object to another
33
chemical energy
the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
34
thermodynamics
study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
35
isolated system (thermodynamics)
unable to exchange energy/matter with surroundings
36
open system ( thermodynamics )
exchange energy freely
37
1st Law of Thermodynamics
the energy of the universe is constant
38
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transformation/transfer increases the entropy of the universe
39
entropy
measure of the disorder and randomness of universe, unstoppable trend toward randomization of universe as a whole
40
Spontaneous Process
occurs without input of energy ( ^G = --), exergonic reaction
41
Non spontaneous process
must have input of energy ( ^G= +), endergonic reaction
42
Energy flows into most ecosystems as ___ and exits as ______.
light, heat
43
free energy
the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform in the system
44
exergonic reaction
proceeds with a net release of free energy
45
endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from surroundings
46
Water is a _____ molec
polar
47
Water is more ______ than other liquids.
structured, due to hydrogen bonding
48
What are the properties of water that contribute to earth's suitability for life?
1. Cohesive Behavior 2. Ability to moderate Temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent
49
cohesion
contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
50
adhesion
the clinging of water molec. together
51
surface tension
measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, water has ^ surface tension
52
Calorie (cal)
waters specific heat, amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1*C
53
What does waters high specific heat do to help earth's climate?
water warms cool air, and cools warm air, thus moderating temps to w/in limits that permit life
54
heat of vaporization
quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted into gas
55
evaporative cooling
as liquid evap, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down
56
Is ice or water more dense?
ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding/struture
57
water is a very versatile solvent due to what?
its polarity
58
what is a hydration shell?
the sphere of H2O molec around each dissolved ion
59
hydrophillic substance
substances that has affinity for H2O
60
hydrophobic substance
substance that repels H2O
61
molarity
of moles per Liter of solution
62
acid
substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
63
base
substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
64
How does a base reduce hydrogen ion concentration?
1. by accepting H ions | 2. dissociating to form hydroxide ions
65
basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than ____
H+
66
pH of a solution =
-log(H+)
67
pH drops as H
rises
68
buffer
substance that minimizes H+ and OH- changes in a solution
69
water is good at dissolving ____ and ____ molec.
ionic and polar

Biology 150 (7 decks)

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