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Biology 150 > Exam 1 September > Flashcards

Exam 1 September Flashcards

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1
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

forms when 2 atoms have unequal pull on shared electrons, electronegativities are between 0.5 and 1.5

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2
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bond

A

almost equal pull on electrons, electronegativity is less than .5

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3
Q

How does and Ionic Bond form?

A
  1. one atom loses one or more electrons, forming a postive ion
  2. another atom gains one or more elctrons, forming a negative ion
  3. positive and negative ions attract each other
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4
Q

State the four most common elements found in living things

A

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

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5
Q

Define Isotope

A

a version of an element with a different number of neutrons than the original version

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6
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

Define Electronegativity.

A

The force of which the nucleus of an atom pulls on its electrons

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8
Q

define ion

A

charged atom, that loses or gains an e

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9
Q

Prokaryotic

A

organisms of domains bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

eukaryotic

A

animals, fungi, protists, plants

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11
Q

cytosol

A

inside all cells, semi fluid, jelly like, subcellular components are suspended

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

carry genes in form of DNA

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13
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes

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14
Q

Where is the DNA located in a cell?

A

eukaryotic: double membrane nucleus
prokaryotic: nucleoid (no membrane)

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15
Q

size of the smallest cells known

A

mycoplasmas, diameters between .1 and 1.0 micrometers

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16
Q

microvilli

A

small, thin projections from some cells that increase surface area

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17
Q

Why do eukaryotic cells have extensive internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments?

A

It allows different local environments to exist, allowing incompatible processes to occur simultaneously inside a single cell

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18
Q

What are most biological membranes made of?

A

Double layer of phospholipids and other lipids, diverse proteins are embedded in this layer or attached to surface

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19
Q

How did the first living cells appear?

A
  1. synthesis of organic compounds on early earth
  2. early atmosphere was electron-adding environment (Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis)
  3. Neutral atomosphere (Miller Urey)
  4. Organic molecules formed near volcanic vents
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20
Q

All organisms must be able to ____________.

A

reproduce and metabolize

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21
Q

vesicles

A

fluid filled compartments enclosed by a membrane like structure

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22
Q

What was most likely the first genetic material?

A

RNA— RNA plays a central role in protein synthesis, but can preform many enzyme-like catalytic functions

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23
Q

Double Stranded DNA is more _______ than RNA, resulting in________.

A

chemically stable, more accurately replicated genetic info

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24
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

some of oldest known fossils, great impact due to the release of oxygen to earths atmosphere during the water splitting step of photosynthesis

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25
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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26
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

a specific molecule is altered in a series of steps catalyzed by specific enzymes, resulting in a product

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27
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

start with large molecules and breaking them done into small molecules, usually spontaneous

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28
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

start with small molec and combine to form big molec, usually non spontaneous

29
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change

30
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with the relative motion of objects

31
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy assoc. w/ the random mvmt of atoms or molec.

32
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

33
Q

chemical energy

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

34
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

35
Q

isolated system (thermodynamics)

A

unable to exchange energy/matter with surroundings

36
Q

open system ( thermodynamics )

A

exchange energy freely

37
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

the energy of the universe is constant

38
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation/transfer increases the entropy of the universe

39
Q

entropy

A

measure of the disorder and randomness of universe, unstoppable trend toward randomization of universe as a whole

40
Q

Spontaneous Process

A

occurs without input of energy ( ^G = –), exergonic reaction

41
Q

Non spontaneous process

A

must have input of energy ( ^G= +), endergonic reaction

42
Q

Energy flows into most ecosystems as ___ and exits as ______.

A

light, heat

43
Q

free energy

A

the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform in the system

44
Q

exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy

45
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy from surroundings

46
Q

Water is a _____ molec

A

polar

47
Q

Water is more ______ than other liquids.

A

structured, due to hydrogen bonding

48
Q

What are the properties of water that contribute to earth’s suitability for life?

A
  1. Cohesive Behavior
  2. Ability to moderate Temperature
  3. expansion upon freezing
  4. versatility as a solvent
49
Q

cohesion

A

contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

50
Q

adhesion

A

the clinging of water molec. together

51
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, water has ^ surface tension

52
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

waters specific heat, amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1*C

53
Q

What does waters high specific heat do to help earth’s climate?

A

water warms cool air, and cools warm air, thus moderating temps to w/in limits that permit life

54
Q

heat of vaporization

A

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted into gas

55
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as liquid evap, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down

56
Q

Is ice or water more dense?

A

ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding/struture

57
Q

water is a very versatile solvent due to what?

A

its polarity

58
Q

what is a hydration shell?

A

the sphere of H2O molec around each dissolved ion

59
Q

hydrophillic substance

A

substances that has affinity for H2O

60
Q

hydrophobic substance

A

substance that repels H2O

61
Q

molarity

A

of moles per Liter of solution

62
Q

acid

A

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

63
Q

base

A

substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

64
Q

How does a base reduce hydrogen ion concentration?

A
  1. by accepting H ions

2. dissociating to form hydroxide ions

65
Q

basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than ____

A

H+

66
Q

pH of a solution =

A

-log(H+)

67
Q

pH drops as H

A

rises

68
Q

buffer

A

substance that minimizes H+ and OH- changes in a solution

69
Q

water is good at dissolving ____ and ____ molec.

A

ionic and polar

Biology 150 (7 decks)

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