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Biology 150 > Exam 2 October > Flashcards

Exam 2 October Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cell membranes contain more unsaturated fatty acids in cool climates?

A

The unsaturated fatty acid tails prevent packing and maintain fluidity as membrane cools

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2
Q

How does cholesterol help maintain proper fluidity?

A

In cold temps, it prevents packing of phospholipids.

in warm temps, prevents drifting of phospholipids

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3
Q

Permeability is _____ correlated with fluidity.

A

directly (p ^ then f ^) (p down then f down)

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4
Q

Which molecules cross the membrane easily?

A

Non polar molec, O2, CO2, Steroids

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5
Q

Which molecules cross slowly?

A

H2O, small polar molec, glucose

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6
Q

Which molecules cross the membrane rarely?

A

Large polar or ionic molecules, ions, proteins, polysaccharides

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7
Q

What are the important functions of proteins?

A
  1. Enzymes > catalyze bio reactions
  2. Contractile > muscles
  3. Transport > both inside the cell, transport molec across cell membrane
  4. Structural > cytoskeleton, maintaining cell shape
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8
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Polymer

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9
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

monomer

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10
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Formed when diff amino acids hydrogen bond to each other

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11
Q

Can different sections of a polypeptide have different secondary structure or no ss?

A

YES

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12
Q

what are the levels of structural complexity for a protein?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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13
Q

What are the five forces that cause tertiary structure?

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonds
  2. Ionic Bonds
  3. Disulfide Bridge
  4. Hydrophobic Effect
  5. Van der Waals forces
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14
Q

What are Van der Waals forces?

A

they stabilize nonpolar amino acids on the inside of proteins

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15
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

2 or ore globular polypeptides bonded together to make a functioning protein, not all proteins have this level

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16
Q

What is denaturing of a protein?

A

Damage/unfolding caused by heat and changes in pH

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17
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

Change in the primary structure of hemoglobin, painful, causes blockages in arteries

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18
Q

What is a prion?

A

nervous system protein with altered secondary structure

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19
Q

What are some diseases that are caused by prions?

A

CWD, Mad Cow, Creuzfeldt-Jakob

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20
Q

Why is carbon a good skeleton molecule?

A
  • needs 4 bonds: allows for greater variety of 3D shapes

- almost always makes covalent bonds (strong)

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21
Q

What are trans-fats?

A

partially hydrogenated fats, they rarely occur naturally, almost all are synthetically produced by hydrogenation

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22
Q

What is bad about trans fats?

A

Solid at room temp, stick to arteries even better than saturated fats, as long as less than .5 g/serving no requirement to label

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23
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

used to form all major biological molecules by bonding together momomers to make a larger polymer, always involves formation of H2O, aka dehydration reaction

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24
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Condensation reaction- When bonding glycerol to a fatty acid, the bond formed is an ester bond or ester linkage

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25
Q

What is a lipid?

A

fully or partially hydrophobic, mostly made of C and H, with some O aka fat

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26
Q

What is saturated fat?

A

NO DOUBLE BONDS, triglyceride, 14-18 carbon long tails, solid at room temp, contribute to heart problems

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27
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

DOUBLE BONDS, triglyceride, most commonly produced by plants, considered to be more healthy, liquid at room temp

28
Q

Why are saturated fats solid?

A

Straight fatty acid chain means they are closely packed which = solid

29
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid?

A

They cant pack together due to kinks in tails.

30
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Many are hormones,consists of 4 carbon ring backbone, ex-> estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol

31
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

The main molecule forming the structure of our cell membranes, ampipathic molecule

32
Q

What is an ampipathic molecule?

A

Has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic parts

33
Q

What is a micelle?

A

Fatty acid tails on a phospholipd <12 carbons long, and put in water, form a spherical micelle

34
Q

How does soap work?

A

Tails attach to oil and dirt where they get trapped inside the micelle, when rinsed, it removes micelle

35
Q

When does a phospholipid membrane form?

A

if fatty acid tails are >12 carbons long, and you put them in water, they form phospholipid bilayer

36
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Individual molec in the cell membrane are able to flow past one another, membrane is fluid, w/a consistency of salad oil

37
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

a process that converts solar energy to chemical energy in organic molecules, non spontaneous reaction

38
Q

What organisms are photosynthetic?

A

plants -> all
bacteria -> some
protists -> some

39
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

40
Q

Why is photosynthesis important?

A
  1. replaces biosphere energy lost to space

2. produces diatomic oxygen

41
Q

How is light energy captured?

A

When light strikes a pigment, electrons in orbitals close to the nucleus move to orbitals farther away from the nucleus.

42
Q

What is a pigment?

A

Any molecule that can absorb light or sun energy

ex -> chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophylls

43
Q

What is the visible range of light?

A

400 nm to 710 nm (purple to red)

44
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Plants reflect light in green range and thus appear green

45
Q

What light energy can pigments absorb?

A

light energy in the visible light range

46
Q

What happens when UV light strikes a pigment?

A

It creates free radicals (jumping electrons)

47
Q

What does UV light do?

A

nothing, it cant move electrons to higher orbitals

48
Q

What is the purpose of photosystems II and I ?

A

to capture energy and send energy & electrons to the calvin cycle

49
Q

What is the purpose of the calvin cycle?

A

To use energy and electrons and CO2 to make glucose

50
Q

What are the products of photosystems II and I?

A

ATP and NADPH

51
Q

What is ATP?

A

intermediary molecule with purpose of energy storage

52
Q

What is NADPH?

A

An electron carrier

53
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Watery fluid inside chloroplast, site of the calvin cycle

54
Q

What is the thylakoid?

A

“stacked disc” in the chloroplast, embedded proteins in its plasma membrane are site of photosystem II and I

55
Q

What is the thylakoid lumen?

A

Fluid filled cavity in thylakoid

56
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net flow of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration, due to natural random motion of molecules

57
Q

When two sides of membrane have reached equilibrium…

A

…the flow is equal in both directions

58
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Name for diffusion of H2O through a semi-permeable membrane results in net flow of water from areas of high concentration of free water to areas of lower concentration of free water

59
Q

What is crenation?

A

Shirvelling of animal cells when water flows out of cell

60
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solute

61
Q

Hypotonic

A

Low concentration of solute

62
Q

What are the 4 major biological molecules?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

63
Q

What are the 3 forms of a carbohydrate?

A
  1. Monomer -> monosaccharide

2. Polymer -> disaccharide or polysaccharide

64
Q

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrates are energy molecules used by cells during cell respiration and fermentation

65
Q

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

A

Very easy for enzymes to disassemble (hydrolyze), function is energy storage, starch and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides with this bond

66
Q

Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

A

Very difficult for enzymes to break apart, structural, seen in polysaccharides chitin and cellulose

Biology 150 (7 decks)

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