Exam 3 (Non-Fermentive Gram- Bacilli....Glucose Oxidizers)

Question 1

Glucose is the major carbohydrate used by bacteria as a source of what:

Answer 1

Carbon, for cellular respiration

Question 2

How is glucose used by bacteria as a carbon source for cellular respiration:

Answer 2

The energy released from the chemical bonds in glucose is used to produce ATP

Question 3

Glucose can be metabolized to pyruvate via how many ways:

Answer 3

3 pathways (glycolysis)

Question 4

What two glycolytic pathways are we focused on in this unit:

Answer 4

EMP

ED

Question 5

T/F

EMP is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Which pathway yields more ATP, EMP or ED?

Answer 6

EMP (2 ATP per 1 glucose)

Question 7

Which glycolytic pathway is preferred by anaerobic bacteria and why:

Answer 7

EMP, it yields more ATP per glucose

Question 8

Which glycolytic pathway is more commonly used by aerobic bacteria and why:

Answer 8

ED, requires less enzymatic protein to carry out glucose metabolism

Question 9

Fermentation is synonymous with:

Answer 9

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 10

Fermentation results from this type of reaction:

Answer 10

Oxidation-Reduction

Question 11

Can fermentation occur in the presence of oxygen:

Answer 11

Yes, it just does not require it

Question 12

These 3 things are produced from fermentation:

Answer 12

Mixed acid products
Alcohols
Gases

Question 13

Fermentation is detected via _____ in the lab:

Answer 13

pH changes (color indicators)

Question 14

This is defined as any process in which oxygen content of a compound is increased; any reaction in which the positive valence of a compound or a radical is increased because of a loss of electrons:

Answer 14

Aerobic Metabolism (oxidation)

Question 15

Oxidation is synonymous with _______ metabolism:

Answer 15

aerobic

Question 16

Oxidation results in what for acid formation and gas production:

Answer 16

• weak acids formed

* no gas produced

Question 17

T/F

Oxidation (aerobic metabolism) requires more sensitive detection systems:

Answer 17

True

Question 18

This media is used to determine if Gram- bacteria metabolize carbohydrates oxidatively, by fermentation, or are asaccharolytic:

Answer 18

Hugh-Leifson OF media

Question 19

What are bacteria called that have no ability to use carbohydrates:

Answer 19

asaccharolytic

Question 20

Why does OF media have a decreased peptone concentration:

Answer 20

The decreased concentration minimizes formation of alkaline amines, which can mask small amounts of acid produced in oxidative (aerobic) metabolism.

Question 21

OF media has ____ peptones, ______ carbohydrates, and uses_____ as its color pH indicator:

Answer 21

• Decreased peptones
• Increased carbohydrates
• Bromthymol blue (blue/green–> yellow)

Question 22

OF media testing requires ____ tubes, one that is ____ and one that is _____:

Answer 22

2 tubes

• one open, loosely capped
• one closed, mineral oil + tightly capped

Question 23

OF media, yellow only in ‘open’ tube:

Answer 23

oxidative

Question 24

OF media, yellow in both tubes:

Answer 24

fermentation OR

both fermentation/oxidation

Question 25

OF media, no color change in either tube:

Answer 25

Asaccharolytic

Question 26

What tube reaction(s) would you expect with OF media in an oxidative organism:

Answer 26

Color (pH) change in 'open' tube only

Question 27

Non-fermentive Gram- bacilli (glucose oxidizers) grow on these 3 agars:

Answer 27

SBAP CAP MacConkey (clear colonies)

Question 28

Are all non-fermentive Gram- bacilli glucose oxidizers?

Answer 28

No. Some are asaccharolytic

Question 29

What is the optimal incubation temp and time for non-fermentive Gram- bacilli glucose oxidizers:

Answer 29

22-35 C | 24-72 hours

Question 30

Most non--fermentive Gram- bacilli glucose oxidizers are obligate ______:

Answer 30

aerobes

Question 31

Should you do a Gram stain from MacConkey:

Answer 31

no | only SBAP or CAP

Question 32

List the organisms of the non-fermentive Gram- bacilli group:

Answer 32

``` Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia pseudomallei Acinetobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ```

Question 33

which two organisms are oxidase positive:

Answer 33

Pseudomonas | Burkolderia

Question 34

Which two organisms are oxidase negative:

Answer 34

Acinetobacter | Stenotrophomonas

Question 35

This organism can have mucoid and non-mucoid strains:

Answer 35

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 36

Mucoid strains of Pseuodomas incubate ____, non-mucoid strains need up to ____ for growth:

Answer 36

Mucoid: 24 hour | Non-mucoid: up to 7 days for growth

Question 37

This organism has a flat spreading appearance on SBAP with serrated edges and green pigment and metallic sheen:

Answer 37

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 38

``` Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Glucose: Oxidase: MAC: motility: Incubation temp: Odor: Nosocomial: ```

Answer 38

``` Glucose: oxidizer Oxidase: + MAC: + (w/ clear colonies) motility: Motile, polar flagella Incubation temp: 42 C Odor: grape/corn tortilla Nosocomial: common cause ```

Question 39

List the 4 virulence factors for P. aeruginosa:

Answer 39

* Exotoxin A * Alginate * Pyocyanin * pili

Question 40

This virulence factor of Pseudomonas inhibits protein synthesis in host cells:

Answer 40

Exotoxin A

Question 41

This virulence factor of Pseudomonas is a surface carb that impedes phagocytosis:

Answer 41

Alginate

Question 42

This virulence factor of Pseudomonas is a blue pigment that produces reactive oxygen species causing tissue damage:

Answer 42

Pyocyanin

Question 43

How do pili increase virulence of Pseudomonas:

Answer 43

All for better attachment to host cells

Question 44

What contributes to greenish color on SBAP with Pseudomonas:

Answer 44

Pyocyanin

Question 45

Does all Pseudomonas produce pyocyanin?

Answer 45

No. About 4% do not.

Question 46

List the 4 pigments associated with Pseudomonas:

Answer 46

Pyocyanin (blue/green) Pyoverdin (yellow fluorescein) Pyorubin (red) Pyomelanin (brown)

Question 47

This pigment helps the bacteria obtain iron from the environment, important for its' metabolism:

Answer 47

Pyoverdin

Question 48

This pigment helps microbes better survive oxidative stress, promoting survival in lungs:

Answer 48

Pyomelanin

Question 49

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to ----- and susceptible to::

Answer 49

R: Penicillin and Ampicillin S: Aminoglycosides, carbapenems, quinolones, extended spectrum penicillins

Question 50

T/F | Burholderia cepacia complex is resistant to Colistin:

Answer 50

True

Question 51

This is the most common cause of lung infection in CF patients in third decade of life:

Answer 51

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 52

Which two organisms are the most common cause of lung infection in CF patients in first decade of life:

Answer 52

Staph aureus | Haemophilus influenzae

Question 53

T/F | Burkholderia cepacia can spread person to person and can survive on medical devices:

Answer 53

True.

Question 54

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to ____ and ____:

Answer 54

Penicillin | Ampicillin

Question 55

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa normal flora?

Answer 55

Rarely

Question 56

Is Burkolderia cepacia normal flora?

Answer 56

No

Question 57

OFPBL and PC media is used to isolate this bacterium in CF patients:

Answer 57

Burkholderia cepacia

Question 58

What does OFPBL stand for:

Answer 58

Oxidate-fermentive base-polymyxin B-bacitracin-lactose agar

Question 59

Is Burkholderia cepacia resistant or susceptible to polymyxin b?

Answer 59

resistant | which is rare for GNR

Question 60

Bartlett's Screening method of sputum samples involves counting these two things in low power field:

Answer 60

Epithelial cells | Neutrophils

Question 61

What score is required with Bartlett's screening method for sputum in order to be worked up, what score would be rejected:

Answer 61

1 or above = work up | 0 or less = reject

Question 62

MAC+, Oxidase+ cause of Glanders in horses:

Answer 62

Burkholderia mallei

Question 63

Glanders is treated with:

Answer 63

Tetracyclines

Question 64

MAC+ Oxidase+ found in soil, streams, rice paddies:

Answer 64

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Question 65

What is the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei:

Answer 65

Melioidosis | aka Whitmore's Disease

Question 66

Melioidosis is also known as ______, is caused by the bacterium ______, and is found in _______:

Answer 66

Whitmore's disease Burkholderia pseudomallei SE Asia

Question 67

This is the 2nd most common glucose non-fermenter isolated in clinical labs:

Answer 67

Acinetobacter

Question 68

Acinetobacter is normal flora of _____ and _____:

Answer 68

skin | vaginal tract

Question 69

T/F | Acinetobacter is a cause of nosocomial infections via ventilators, humidifiers, catheters:

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Are all Acinetobactor spp. glucose oxidizers:

Answer 70

No. Some are asaccharolytic

Question 71

Gram negative rods, plump, often in pairs, oxidase neg, catalase pos, non-motile, does not reduce nitrates:

Answer 71

Acinetobacter

Question 72

Is Acinetobacter resistant to any antibiotics:

Answer 72

yes, many

Question 73

This organism is a strong maltose oxidizer and is the 3rd most common glucose non-fermenter encountered clinically:

Answer 73

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Question 74

What do colonies of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia look like on SBAP:

Answer 74

pale yellow to lavender pigment

Question 75

What is the drug of choice for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia:

Answer 75

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole