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Exercise Physiology > Exam 3- Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Exam 3- Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of ergogenic aids

A

physiological
pharmacological
nutritional sports supplements

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2
Q

blood doping physiology

A

increases red blood cell content of blood (erythrocytema)to increase blood’s oxygen carrying capacity and enhance aerobic endurance

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3
Q

Blood doping methods

A

transfusion- two units of blood removed 8-12 weeks before competitions

  1. red blood cells separated
  2. frozen in glycerol
  3. rein fused 1 week prior to competition
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4
Q

erythropoietin

A

natural hormone produced by kidneys

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5
Q

blood doping - erythropoietin

A

stimulates blood cell production

difficult to identify

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6
Q

what are the increases made by blood doping

A

ergogenic efficacy increases in exercise time to exhaustion and maximal oxygen consumption

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7
Q

adverse effects of blood doping

A

increased blood viscosity:

  1. leads to decreased cardiac output, blood flow velocity and peripheral blood oxygen consumption
  2. increases pressure work of the heart
  3. can lead to myocardial infarct or stroke
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8
Q

legal and illegal drugs that aid performance

A
  1. anabolic steroids
  2. growth hormone
  3. insulin
  4. dietary supplements: stimulants, creatine, caffeine
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9
Q

anabolic androgenic steroids increase:

A

protein synthesis
muscle hypertrophy and mass
size and strength of bones (calcium deposition)
RBC production

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10
Q

adverse effects of steroids in males

A 
Decreased gonadotrophin release:
- testicular atrophy
- decreased endogenous plasma testosterone
- decreased sperm counts
- impotence
prostate hypertrophy
gynecomastia
increased total cholesterol and LDL (decreased HDL)
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11
Q

anabolic/androgenic steroid adverse effects in females

A
  • lower voice
  • clitoral hypertrophy
  • oligo or amenorrhea
  • increased libido
  • increased growth of body hair
  • decreased body fat
  • increased aggressiveness
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12
Q

steroid pathway

A

cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> progesterone –> DHEA –> androstenedione leads to estrone OR
testosterone –> dihydrotestosterone and estradiol

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13
Q

what is DHEA

A

precursor to testosterone in adrenals and testes that have little intrinsic activity
concerted to testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissues
secretion begins about age seven

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14
Q

does DHEA have ergogenic effects in younger men?

A

no

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15
Q

adverse effects of DHEA

A
  • increased plasma
  • liver dysfunction
  • reduced HDL levels
  • masculinization in women, gynecomastia in men
  • stimulation of prostate tissue
  • cancer growth
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16
Q

long term use of androstenedione can lead to:

A

elevated androstenedione

by decreased testosterone and increased estrogen

17
Q

adverse effects of andro

A 
increased resume androgens in women
adverse effects on:
- serum lipoproteins
- coronary heart disease risk
- masculinization and hirtuism in women
18
Q

what causes an increase in release of GH?

A
  • amino acids
  • hypoglycemia
  • exercise
19
Q

What does GH do?

A
  • Promoted muscle, connective tissue and bone growth (IGF1)
  • stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis resulting in skeletal and somatic growth and skeletal muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  • stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue to enhance gluconeogenesis
20
Q

desired effects of GH

A
  • gain anabolic effects without steroids
  • increase skeletal muscle size and strength
  • increase lean body mass
  • decrease adiposity
21
Q

Adverse effects of GH

A
  • acromegaly
  • associated myopathy
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • glucose intolerance
  • increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride
  • coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy
22
Q

insulin secretion is stimulated by increases in

A
  • plasma glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
23
Q

is insulin anabolic?

A

yes

24
Q

what does insulin increase?

A
  • glucose uptake
  • amino acid uptake
  • protein synthesis
    and inhibits protein degredation
25
Q

adverse effects of insulin

A

development of hypoglycemia

insulin allergy/resistance development

26
Q

desired effects of caffeine

A

delayed fatigue in endurance events
increased concentration and alertness
increased strength of muscle contractions
appetite suppression

27
Q

creatine ergogenic efficacy

A
  • enhanced performance in exercise that is dynamic and high intensity, intermittent and short duration
  • increase in power
  • no improvements in endurance exercise
28
Q

desired effects of ephedrine

A

delay perception of fatigue
glycogen-sparing to increase fat metabolism
appetite suppressant

29
Q

ephedrine ergogenic efficacy

A
  • improve anaerobic performance in untrained persons
  • may improve endurance performance
    mechanism unknown
30
Q

ephedrine sympathomimetic effects

A

hypertension
palpitations
myocardial infarct
stroke

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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