Exam 3- Lecture 21 Flashcards
Classes of ergogenic aids
physiological
pharmacological
nutritional sports supplements
blood doping physiology
increases red blood cell content of blood (erythrocytema)to increase blood’s oxygen carrying capacity and enhance aerobic endurance
Blood doping methods
transfusion- two units of blood removed 8-12 weeks before competitions
- red blood cells separated
- frozen in glycerol
- rein fused 1 week prior to competition
erythropoietin
natural hormone produced by kidneys
blood doping - erythropoietin
stimulates blood cell production
difficult to identify
what are the increases made by blood doping
ergogenic efficacy increases in exercise time to exhaustion and maximal oxygen consumption
adverse effects of blood doping
increased blood viscosity:
- leads to decreased cardiac output, blood flow velocity and peripheral blood oxygen consumption
- increases pressure work of the heart
- can lead to myocardial infarct or stroke
legal and illegal drugs that aid performance
- anabolic steroids
- growth hormone
- insulin
- dietary supplements: stimulants, creatine, caffeine
anabolic androgenic steroids increase:
protein synthesis
muscle hypertrophy and mass
size and strength of bones (calcium deposition)
RBC production
adverse effects of steroids in males
Decreased gonadotrophin release: - testicular atrophy - decreased endogenous plasma testosterone - decreased sperm counts - impotence prostate hypertrophy gynecomastia increased total cholesterol and LDL (decreased HDL)
anabolic/androgenic steroid adverse effects in females
- lower voice
- clitoral hypertrophy
- oligo or amenorrhea
- increased libido
- increased growth of body hair
- decreased body fat
- increased aggressiveness
steroid pathway
cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> progesterone –> DHEA –> androstenedione leads to estrone OR
testosterone –> dihydrotestosterone and estradiol
what is DHEA
precursor to testosterone in adrenals and testes that have little intrinsic activity
concerted to testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissues
secretion begins about age seven
does DHEA have ergogenic effects in younger men?
no
adverse effects of DHEA
- increased plasma
- liver dysfunction
- reduced HDL levels
- masculinization in women, gynecomastia in men
- stimulation of prostate tissue
- cancer growth
long term use of androstenedione can lead to:
elevated androstenedione
by decreased testosterone and increased estrogen
adverse effects of andro
increased resume androgens in women adverse effects on: - serum lipoproteins - coronary heart disease risk - masculinization and hirtuism in women
what causes an increase in release of GH?
- amino acids
- hypoglycemia
- exercise
What does GH do?
- Promoted muscle, connective tissue and bone growth (IGF1)
- stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis resulting in skeletal and somatic growth and skeletal muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia
- stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue to enhance gluconeogenesis
desired effects of GH
- gain anabolic effects without steroids
- increase skeletal muscle size and strength
- increase lean body mass
- decrease adiposity
Adverse effects of GH
- acromegaly
- associated myopathy
- peripheral neuropathy
- glucose intolerance
- increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride
- coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy
insulin secretion is stimulated by increases in
- plasma glucose
- amino acids
- fatty acids
is insulin anabolic?
yes
what does insulin increase?
- glucose uptake
- amino acid uptake
- protein synthesis
and inhibits protein degredation
adverse effects of insulin
development of hypoglycemia
insulin allergy/resistance development
desired effects of caffeine
delayed fatigue in endurance events
increased concentration and alertness
increased strength of muscle contractions
appetite suppression
creatine ergogenic efficacy
- enhanced performance in exercise that is dynamic and high intensity, intermittent and short duration
- increase in power
- no improvements in endurance exercise
desired effects of ephedrine
delay perception of fatigue
glycogen-sparing to increase fat metabolism
appetite suppressant
ephedrine ergogenic efficacy
- improve anaerobic performance in untrained persons
- may improve endurance performance
mechanism unknown
ephedrine sympathomimetic effects
hypertension
palpitations
myocardial infarct
stroke
