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Pharmacology & Medical Chemistry II > Exam 3: Lecture 11, Toxicity of Specific Chemicals > Flashcards

Exam 3: Lecture 11, Toxicity of Specific Chemicals Flashcards

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1
Q

5 Major substances of air pollution?

A 
Co = 52%
Sulfur Oxides = 14%
Hydrocarbons = 14%
Nitrogen Oxides = 14%
Particulate matter = 4%
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2
Q

air pollution implicated as contributing factor for….

A 
Bronchitis
Obstructive Ventilatory disease
Pulmonary emphysema
Bronchial Asthma
Lung Cancer
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3
Q

Carbon monoxide info

A

combines reversibly with oxygen binding sites of hemoglobin and has affinity for hemoglobin that is 220 times that of 02

brain and heart most effected

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4
Q

Sulfur Dioxide info

A

approx 90% inhaled is absorbed in upper respiratory tract = site of principle effect

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5
Q

Carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene have….

A

largely bene removed from workplace due to carcinogenic potential

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6
Q

Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethane are…

A

still used for dry cleaning and solvent degreasing, but likely limited use in future

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7
Q

Fluorinated Aliphatics

A

use limited by agreements due to severe environmental damage

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8
Q

Halogenated aliphatic solvents can cause….

A

depressant of CNS (chloroform = most potent)

Impaired memory and peripheral neuropathy

Hepatotoxicity in humans after acute/chronic exposure (Carbon tetrachloride most potent)

Nephrotoxicity in humans

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9
Q

Benzene info

A

important composent of gasoline

Acute toxic event = CNS depression
Fatal dose: 7500ppm/30 min

chronic exposure = toxic, bone marrow injury, associated leukemia

most organizations classify as known human carcinogen

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10
Q

toluene

A

CNS depressant, skin/eye irritant

exposure to 800ppm can lead to severe fatigue

doesn’t possess myelotoxic properties of benzene/associated with leukemia

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11
Q

Xylene

A

CNS depressant and skin irritant

doesn’t possess myelotoxic properties of benzene/associated with leukemia

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12
Q

Organochlorine Pesticides major effect is…

A

impact on CNS stimulation

interfere with inactivation of Na channel in excitable membranes, inhibit Ca ion transport

affect depolarization and enhance excitability

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13
Q

DDT manifestations

A

tremor 1st, possibly convulsions

no Treatment

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14
Q

Organophosphorus Pesticides

A

Major effect is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

absorbed by skin, respiratory and GI tract

causes altered neurologic and cognitive functions,

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15
Q

Carbamate Pesticides

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase

clinical effects are shorter duration than those observed with organophosphorus compound

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16
Q

Chlorophenoxy Herbicides

A

2,4-D ad 2,4,5-T
Toxicity rating of 4/3

can cause coma and generalized muscle hypotonia

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17
Q

Most important Chlorophenoxy Herbicide

A

Dioxin

Likely human carcinogen

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18
Q

Glyphosate Herbicide

A

most injuries minor, some can be lethal
eye/skin irritant
less potent than bipyridyl herbicides

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19
Q

Bipyridyl herbicides

A

Paraquat is most important

Toxicity rating of 4 (50-500mg/kg)

Lethal intoxication been reported

paraquat accumulates in lungs, causes lung edema, alveolitis and progressive fibrosis

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20
Q

Polychlorinated biphenyls

A

most important is TCDD

food major source of contamination

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21
Q

Endocrine Disruptors

A

DDT and PCBs

concerns: increasing contamination of enviornment, appearance of bioaccumulation and potential for toxicity

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22
Q

Asbestos

A

widely used in industry for over 100 yrs

all forms shown to cause progressive lung disease

23
Q

Toxic heavy metals interfere with…

A

function of essential cations

cause enzyme inhibition, oxidative stress and alter gene expression

24
Q

Soluble arsenic compounds well absorbed through

A

respiratory and GI tract

25
Q

Most absorbed form of arsenic is…

A

inorganic

26
Q

Trivalent vs pentavalent arsenic?

A

trivalent = 2-10 times more toxic

27
Q

Actue inorganic arsenic poisoning

A

can be confirmed by demonstration of elevated amounts of inorganic arsenic/its metabolites in urine

arsenic disappears rapidly from blood, except in anuric patients, blood arsenic levels should not be used as diagnostic

28
Q

Acute arsenic treatment

A

unithiol, 3-5 mg/kg IV every 4-6hrs

or

dimercaprol, 3-5 mg/kg IM every 4-6hr

29
Q

Arsine gas poisoning

A

currently available chelating agents haven’t shown clinical value

after latent period 2/24 hr, massive IV hemolysis may occur

30
Q

Adult % lead absorbed?

A

10-15%

31
Q

Children % lead absorbed?

A

up to 50%

32
Q

Lead Half-life in blood/soft tissues

A

1-2 months

33
Q

Lead Half-life in skeleton

A

years to decades

34
Q

systems lead can effect

A

Nervous
Reproductive
GI
Cardiovascular

35
Q

Acute inorganic lead poisoning

A

uncommon today

36
Q

Chronic inorganic lead poisoning

A

diagnosis of lead intoxication is best confirmed by measuring lead in whole blood

pt presents with multi systemic findings, difficulty concentrating, irritability, depressed mood

37
Q

treatment of Lead poisoning

A

IV EDTA admin 30-50 mg/kg/d continuous infusion up to 5 day

38
Q

organolead poisoning

A

very rare

initial treatment = decontaminating, treat seizures and chelation if high blood/lead conc

39
Q

primary source of occupational exposure mercury?

A

inhaled

40
Q

Mercury distribution

A

excreted through urine and feces

highest conc in kidney

most excreted within weeks/months but fraction retained in kidney/brain for years

41
Q

blood and whole body half-life of mercury is…

A

50 days

42
Q

Acute mercury poisoning

A

potentially life threatening

43
Q

chronic mercury poisoning

A

symptoms; change in mood, withdrawal, depression, explosive anger or blushing

44
Q

Dimethylmercury is

A

rarely encountered by extremely neurotoxic form of organomercury that maybe lethal in small quantities

45
Q

Acute exposure treatment mercury

A

prompt chelation with oral and IV unithiol, IM dimercaprol, or oral succimer

46
Q

Chronic Exposure treatment mercury

A

Dimercaprol not recommended, distributes metal to CNS

Unithiol and Succimer for chronic exposure

47
Q

Chelators

A

contain one of more coordinating atom, usually Oxygen/sulfer/nitrogen

used to prevent or reverse toxic effects of heavy metals

48
Q

Dimercaprol

A

known as British Anti-lewisite (BAL) has to be given in peanut oil

water soluble analogs (unithiol and succimer) have higher therapeutics

49
Q

Unithiol given…

A

IV

50
Q

Succimer is given..

A

Oraly

51
Q

to Prevent potentially life-threatening Ca depletion, Eda should be admin as

A

calcium disodium salt

52
Q

Chelator of choice for iron poisoning?

A

Deferoxamine

53
Q

Prussian Blue

A

approved for treatment of contamination with radioactive cesium and intoxication with thallium salts

Pharmacology & Medical Chemistry II (43 decks)

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