Exam 2: Lecture X, Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Regulates

A
Homeostasis
Long-term Metabolic Processes
RBC production
Growth and Development
Reproduction and differentiation
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2
Q

“Hormone” info

A

secreted directly into blood stream

Act at long range, and slowly on distant organs and tissues

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3
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes 7 hypothalamic hormones into portal system (H1)
  2. APG secretes 7 pituitary hormones (H2)
  3. Glands of internal secretion release hormones in blood (H3)
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4
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes 2 hormones through PPG

2. ADH + Oxytocin

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5
Q

Complexity of Endocrine System

A
  1. single gland can produce multiple hormones
  2. single hormone maybe secreted different glands
  3. single hormone may induce more than 1 type of effect
  4. rate of hormone may vary considerable
  5. single target can be effected by more than 1 hormone\
  6. same messenger maybe hormone or NT
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6
Q

Hormone Secretion can occur in…

A

Pulses (ie every 15 min)
Constant (steroid secretion)
Rhythms

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7
Q

Hormone Half-life

A

Seconds, Minutes, Days

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8
Q

Within CNS

A

Hypothalamus (command center)
Pituitary (Master gland)
Pineal

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9
Q

Endocrine activity regulated by….

A

Neg/Pos Feedback
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Circadian Rhythms

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10
Q

Endocrine disorders….

A

Hormone Hypo-/Hyper-secretion

Abnormal Target

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11
Q

Hormone Classes

A

Peptides
Steroids
Amines (Catecholamines/ Thyroid Hormone)

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12
Q

Peptide Info

A

Structure: chain of specific amino acids
Solubility: Hydrophilic - water soluble
Transport: Free Hormone
Receptor Site: Surface of target cells

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13
Q

Steroid Info

A

Structure: Cholesterol Derivative
Solubility: Lipophilic - Lipid soluble
Transport: Mostly bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: Inside of target cells

From Adrenal Cortex, Gonads, Placenta

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14
Q

Amines (Catecholamines) info

A

Structure: Tyrosine Derivative
Solubility: Hydrophilic - water soluble
Transport: 50% bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: surface of target cells

From Adrenal Medulla

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15
Q

Amines (Thyroid Hormone) info

A

Structure: Iodinated Tyrosine Derivative
Solubility: Lipophilic - Lipid soluble
Transport: Bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: Inside of target cells

From Thyroid follicular cells

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16
Q

Water Soluble (Peptides/Catecholamines)

A

dissolved in plasma

cannot pass through lipid membrane

Bind with surface membrane receptors

17
Q

Lipid Soluble (Steroids/Thyroid hormone)

A

bound in plasma with plasma proteins

enter cell across the membrane

bind with nuclear receptors -HRE

18
Q

Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin)

A

stimulates cell growth, body growth

triggers release of somatomedins from liver cells

19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

A

stimulates growth of thyroid gland

triggers release of thyroid hormone

20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ADCTH, corticotropin)

A

stimulates adrenal gland

stimulates glucocorticoids release

21
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

stimulates melanin production

22
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH, folliculotropin)

A

stimulates estrogen secretion
stimulates egg development in women
stimulates sperm production in men

23
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (L.H, Luteotropin)

A

causes ovulation and progestin production in women

causes testes to secrete test production in men

24
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates development mammary glands and milk production

may enhance immune system

25
Posterior Pituitary Gland
extension of hypothalamus hormones synthesized in neurons in hypothalamus Hypothalamus and PPG act as unit PPG secretes ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin
26
Vasopressin (ADH)(Vasostrict,Pitressin)
synthesized 9 AA peptide Replaced hormone extracted from animal posterior pituitary Half life = 15 min Activates V1/V2 coupled receptors G-protein Treatment - Diabetes insipidous/esophageal varices bleeding
27
V1 receptors found....
on vascular smooth muscles (Vasoconstriction)
28
V2 receptors found....
on renal tubule (antidiuretic effect)
29
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
LA synthetic analogue of Vasopressin Minimal pressor, strong Antidiuretic activity Half life = 1.5-2.5 hrs Relatively selectively activates V2 coupled receptors of G-protein V2 coupled receptors increase H20 reabsorption in collecting tubules (Antidiuretic effect) Extrarenal V2 receptors regulate factor VIII and von Willebrand disease
30
Desmopressin Treatments
``` diabetes insipidous pediatric enuresis (bed wetting) Hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease ```
31
Oxytocin (Pitocin)
9 AA peptide hormone circulates in blood in free form half life = 5min operates through G-protein coupled Stimulates release of prostaglandins/leukotrienes participates in labor/delivery elicits milk ejection in lactating women
32
Oxytocin treatments
induction and augmentation of labor | control of uterine hemorrhage after delivery
33
Oxytocin Clinical Pharmacology
used to induce early vaginal delivery used in maternal diabetes, preeclampsia, or ruptured membranes used to augment protracted labor used to control uterine bleeding in immediate postpartum period
34
Oxytocin Toxicity
When used judiciously, severe toxicity rare induced uterine contractions may reduce blood flow to fetus High conc + vasopressin receptor activation may cause water intoxication Bolus inj can cause hypotension
35
Water intoxication
hyponatremia, heart failure, seizures, death
36
Atociban (Tociban)
Oxytocin Antagonist Admin IV, blocks Oxytocin receptors, decrease uterine contractions