Exam 2: Lecture X, Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine System Regulates

Answer 1

Homeostasis
Long-term Metabolic Processes
RBC production
Growth and Development
Reproduction and differentiation

Question 2

“Hormone” info

Answer 2

secreted directly into blood stream

Act at long range, and slowly on distant organs and tissues

Question 3

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 3

1. Hypothalamus secretes 7 hypothalamic hormones into portal system (H1)
2. APG secretes 7 pituitary hormones (H2)
3. Glands of internal secretion release hormones in blood (H3)

Question 4

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 4

1. Hypothalamus secretes 2 hormones through PPG

2. ADH + Oxytocin

Question 5

Complexity of Endocrine System

Answer 5

1. single gland can produce multiple hormones
2. single hormone maybe secreted different glands
3. single hormone may induce more than 1 type of effect
4. rate of hormone may vary considerable
5. single target can be effected by more than 1 hormone\
6. same messenger maybe hormone or NT

Question 6

Hormone Secretion can occur in…

Answer 6

Pulses (ie every 15 min)
Constant (steroid secretion)
Rhythms

Question 7

Hormone Half-life

Answer 7

Seconds, Minutes, Days

Question 8

Within CNS

Answer 8

Hypothalamus (command center)
Pituitary (Master gland)
Pineal

Question 9

Endocrine activity regulated by….

Answer 9

Neg/Pos Feedback
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Circadian Rhythms

Question 10

Endocrine disorders….

Answer 10

Hormone Hypo-/Hyper-secretion

Abnormal Target

Question 11

Hormone Classes

Answer 11

Peptides
Steroids
Amines (Catecholamines/ Thyroid Hormone)

Question 12

Peptide Info

Answer 12

Structure: chain of specific amino acids
Solubility: Hydrophilic - water soluble
Transport: Free Hormone
Receptor Site: Surface of target cells

Question 13

Steroid Info

Answer 13

Structure: Cholesterol Derivative
Solubility: Lipophilic - Lipid soluble
Transport: Mostly bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: Inside of target cells

From Adrenal Cortex, Gonads, Placenta

Question 14

Amines (Catecholamines) info

Answer 14

Structure: Tyrosine Derivative
Solubility: Hydrophilic - water soluble
Transport: 50% bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: surface of target cells

From Adrenal Medulla

Question 15

Amines (Thyroid Hormone) info

Answer 15

Structure: Iodinated Tyrosine Derivative
Solubility: Lipophilic - Lipid soluble
Transport: Bound to plasma protein
Receptor Site: Inside of target cells

From Thyroid follicular cells

Question 16

Water Soluble (Peptides/Catecholamines)

Answer 16

dissolved in plasma

cannot pass through lipid membrane

Bind with surface membrane receptors

Question 17

Lipid Soluble (Steroids/Thyroid hormone)

Answer 17

bound in plasma with plasma proteins

enter cell across the membrane

bind with nuclear receptors -HRE

Question 18

Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin)

Answer 18

stimulates cell growth, body growth

triggers release of somatomedins from liver cells

Question 19

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

Answer 19

stimulates growth of thyroid gland

triggers release of thyroid hormone

Question 20

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ADCTH, corticotropin)

Answer 20

stimulates adrenal gland

stimulates glucocorticoids release

Question 21

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Answer 21

stimulates melanin production

Question 22

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH, folliculotropin)

Answer 22

stimulates estrogen secretion
stimulates egg development in women
stimulates sperm production in men

Question 23

Luteinizing Hormone (L.H, Luteotropin)

Answer 23

causes ovulation and progestin production in women

causes testes to secrete test production in men

Question 24

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 24

stimulates development mammary glands and milk production

may enhance immune system

Question 25

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 25

extension of hypothalamus
hormones synthesized in neurons in hypothalamus
Hypothalamus and PPG act as unit
PPG secretes ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Question 26

Vasopressin (ADH)(Vasostrict,Pitressin)

Answer 26

synthesized 9 AA peptide

Replaced hormone extracted from animal posterior pituitary

Half life = 15 min

Activates V1/V2 coupled receptors G-protein

Treatment - Diabetes insipidous/esophageal varices bleeding

Question 27

V1 receptors found….

Answer 27

on vascular smooth muscles (Vasoconstriction)

Question 28

V2 receptors found….

Answer 28

on renal tubule (antidiuretic effect)

Question 29

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Answer 29

LA synthetic analogue of Vasopressin

Minimal pressor, strong Antidiuretic activity

Half life = 1.5-2.5 hrs

Relatively selectively activates V2 coupled receptors of G-protein

V2 coupled receptors increase H20 reabsorption in collecting tubules (Antidiuretic effect)

Extrarenal V2 receptors regulate factor VIII and von Willebrand disease

Question 30

Desmopressin Treatments

Answer 30

diabetes insipidous 
pediatric enuresis (bed wetting)
Hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease

Question 31

Oxytocin (Pitocin)

Answer 31

9 AA peptide hormone

circulates in blood in free form

half life = 5min

operates through G-protein coupled

Stimulates release of prostaglandins/leukotrienes

participates in labor/delivery
elicits milk ejection in lactating women

Question 32

Oxytocin treatments

Answer 32

induction and augmentation of labor

control of uterine hemorrhage after delivery

Question 33

Oxytocin Clinical Pharmacology

Answer 33

used to induce early vaginal delivery

used in maternal diabetes, preeclampsia, or ruptured membranes

used to augment protracted labor

used to control uterine bleeding in immediate postpartum period

Question 34

Oxytocin Toxicity

Answer 34

When used judiciously, severe toxicity rare

induced uterine contractions may reduce blood flow to fetus

High conc + vasopressin receptor activation may cause water intoxication

Bolus inj can cause hypotension

Question 35

Water intoxication

Answer 35

hyponatremia, heart failure, seizures, death

Question 36

Atociban (Tociban)

Answer 36

Oxytocin Antagonist

Admin IV, blocks Oxytocin receptors, decrease uterine contractions