Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology & Medical Chemistry II > Exam 1: Lecture 1: Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 1: Renal Physiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nephron

A

Basic unit of the Kidney

Each kidney has about 1 million Nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Moving away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Moving towards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Different cell types in Nephron

A

Polarized cells (1 side different than other)

Ciliated Cells in PCT = Good SA for absorption

Collecting Duct = Bigger cells, less exchange occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glomerular Mesangial Cells

A

Supportive cell of Glomerulus (Immune cells)

Act as phagocytes and remove trapped material from basement membrane of capillaries, make sure not blocked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Podocytes

A

Supportive cell of Glomerulus

Structural cells that help maintain structural capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

“Sensor”

Important for regulating blood pressure and flow

Contact point, Made up of two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

JGA is made up of 2 cell types

A

Granular cells/Juxtaglomerular cells

Macula Densa Cells

Point of contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macula Densa Cells

A

Portion of Thick Ascending Limb that between afferent and efferent arterioles.

“Detector cells” of flow rate and composition of fluid within Nephron

control GFR and secretion of renin from Granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Granular cells

A

Secretory cells that secrete Renin

within afferent arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Renin

A

Hormone

Controls renal function and sodium balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Additional Kidney Regulation

A

Renal circulation

Lymphatics within Kidney

Capsule (Role is to limit swelling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renal plasma clearance

A

Volume of plasma from which a substance is removed from the kidney during a given amount of time

ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Stages 1-5

GFR and % of Kidney Function decreases as go towards stage 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 Main Functions of the Kidney

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Endocrine (RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Excretion =

A

Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Filtration occurs at the level of…..

A

the Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule water permeability

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loop of Henle ( Thin Descending Limb) water permeability

A

Permeable to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Loop of Henle ( Thick Ascending Limb) water permeability

A

nearly impermeable to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does concentration of urine occur?

A

Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule + Collecting Duct water permeability

A

Variable permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“Vital” Reabsorption and Secretion occurs at the….

A

PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

“Optional” Reabsorption and Secretion occurs at the…

A

DCT and Collecting Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

water goes where….

A

Na and Cl go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Apical Membrane is the….

A

Lumenal side

27
Q

Basal Membrane is the….

A

Side facing interstitial fluid, capillary space

28
Q

3 Hormones kidney synthesize and secrete….

A

Activated Vitamin D3 made in kidney

Erythropoietin

Renin

29
Q

Activated Vitamin D3 role

A

promote calcium conservation and increase calcium absorption + reducing calcium loss

30
Q

Erythropoietin

A

activates synthesis of red blood cells, increasing blood oxygen capacity.

Negative feedback loop

Kidney release EPO if low O2 in blood.

31
Q

Renin

A

enzyme released by JGA in response to a decrease in effective circulating blood volume

32
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A
  1. Drop in blood pressure or fluid volume (Macula dense cells sense it)
  2. Renin released from kidney and acts on angiotensinogen (released from kidney) to form angiotensin I
  3. ACE is released from lungs, and acts on angiotensin I to form angiotensin II
  4. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal gland to stimulate release of aldosterone.
    5a. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water, increasing fluid volume
    5b. Angiotensin II also acts directly on blood vessels, stimulating vasoconstriction
33
Q

Covid-19 and ACE2

A

Target for the virus is ACE2, where the spike protein binds

ACE2 expressed mostly in the epithelial cells if lungs.

certain drugs or pathologies can increase your expression of ACE2 (ie type I/II diabetes or those taking ACE inhibitors or ARBS, angiotensin II type-1 receptor blockers)

34
Q

Drugs that can increase ACE2 expression….

A

Thiazolidindiones and ibuprofen

ARBs

35
Q

Order of collecting system duct

A

Glomerulus -> PCT -> Loop of Henle -> DCT -> Collecting tubule -> Collecting duct

36
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

** Reabsorption and secretion **

Any damage here will cause alteration in glucose, potassium and other ion levels

Has very high water permeability

37
Q

Two most important compounds for diuretic action?

A

Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride.

Will have affect on blood volume and water reabsorption

38
Q

Most important process occurring at PCT is?

A

Reabsorption

66% of sodium ions
85% of NaHCO3
65% of K+
60% of water
Virtually all glucose and amino acids
39
Q

Four main transporters of PCT

A

NHE3

Na/K ATPase

Carbonic anhydrase

Sodium-glucose cotransporter

40
Q

NHE3

A

Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger on the Lumen side

Key to how sodium bicarbonate is absorbed

H+ binds to HCO3 to make carbonic acid, and gets converted to H20 and CO2. CO2 will passively diffuse into nephron and turned into carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase.

Dissociation of carbonic acid, the sodium bicarbonate now gets transported via transporter into interstitial space and towards capillaries.

41
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

requires energy and control level of reabsorbed sodium and returning it into interstitial space

42
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Bicarbonate reabsorption is dependent on this enzyme

43
Q

Sodium glucose cotransporter

A

Responsible for reabsorbing much of glucose that is filtered by the glomeruli

44
Q

NBCe1-A

A

transporter that allows HCO3 to exit PCT on basolateral side

45
Q

Loop of Henle has divided into two parts….

A

Thick Ascending limb and Thin Descending limb

46
Q

Thick ascending limb

A

about 25% of NaCL reabsorbed

thought of as diluting segment, not losing water

47
Q

NKCC2

A

Transporter for Na/Cl/K in the Thick ascending limb

48
Q

ROMK

A

drives diffusion of K from NKCC2 back into the tubular lumen

this drives transport of Mg and Ca back into blood paracellularly

49
Q

3 Transporters in Loop of Henle

A

NKCC2

ROMK

Na/K ATPase

50
Q

What drives Mg and Ca reabsorption in Loop of Henle?

A

ROMK channel

51
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

only about 10% NaCl reabsorbed via NCC (sensitive to thiazide diuretics)

Generally impermeable to water, also diluting function,

Calcium reabsorption under control of parathyroid hormone control.

52
Q

5 Transporters in DCT

A

NCC

PTH-Receptor

Na/K-ATPase

Na/Ca exchanger

Ca/H ATPase

53
Q

NCC transporter

A

Move sodium and chloride into nephron

54
Q

Na/K-ATPase

A

moves sodium back into capillaries

55
Q

PTH-Receptor

A

Drive calcium reuptake in DCT

Hormones = transcription factors = slower response by causing up regulation in transporters to bring Ca into cell

56
Q

Na/Ca exchanger and Ca/H ATPase

A

Move Ca from Nephron back out into the blood towards capillaries

57
Q

Collecting Tubule System

A

Final chance to get back sodium, only about 2-5%

This is the most important site of K+ secretion

Aquaporins being inserted from RAAS occur here

58
Q

3 important cell types of collecting Tubule system

A

Principle cells

Alpha/beta intercalated cells

59
Q

EnaC (Collecting Tubule System, Principle cells)

A

Brings sodium into cell and makes an electrical potential , not a cotransporter, and drives paracellular transport of Cl into blood towards capillaries.

This also drives secretion of K

60
Q

Aldosterone (Collecting Tubule System, Principle cells)

A

Causes increase in ENaC, increasing Na uptake and also increase Na/K ATPase.

This is how it drives Na reuptake and regulate water balance

61
Q

Intercalated Alpha cells primary secretion of….

A

proton secretion

H ATPase secrete into Lumen

62
Q

Intercalated Beta cells primary secretion of….

A

bicarbonate secretion

H ATPase balances secretion basolateral side
Cl/HCO3 secrete bicarbonate into lumen

63
Q

Aquaporins of the Collecting Tubule System

A

Aquaporins are not inserted into the membrane

Vasopression/ADH binds to receptor, causes cAMP mediated insertion of Aquaporins into luminal side of membrane and this promotes the uptake of water. Then Aquaporins on the basolateral side move water into blood.

Pharmacology & Medical Chemistry II (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions