Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHA 415 - Therapeutics III > Exam 3 - Ischemic Heart Disease > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Ischemic Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does IHD stand for?

A

Ischemic Heart Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the term for a lack of oxygen to the heart?

A

ISCHEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does CAD stand for?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common cause of IHD?

A

CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___ ____ ____ (___) is ischemia caused by blockages in the arteries.

A

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) is ischemia cause by blockages in the arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: Endothelium of the blood vessels secrete both good and bad mediators.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: CAD is an inflammatory process that is due to chronic inflammation.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What regulates coronary blood flow by the endothelium?

A

MEDIATORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the four mediators (hint: “A PEN”) dealing with regulation of coronary blood flow by the endothelium.

A

1) A = Adenosine
2) P = Prostacyclin (PGI2)
3) E = Endothelin-1 (ET-1)
4) N = Nitric Oxide (NO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which mediator is formed by ATP during stress?

A

ADENOSINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adenosine is a potent vaso____.

A

Adenosine is a potent vasodilator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which mediator causes relaxation of smooth muscle in response to stress?

A

NITRIC OXIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nitric Oxide limits ____ _____.

A

Nitric oxide limits PLATELET ACTIVATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: Prostacyclin does not limit platelet activation because only Nitric Oxide does.

A

FALSE

-Prostacyclin (PGI2) also limits platelet activation, as does Nitric Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which mediator is also a drug that is used during cardiac stress testing?

A

ADENOSINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ is an anti-arrhythmic that slows down heart rate.

A

ADENOSINE is an anti-arrhythmic that slows down hear rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: NSAIDs are a type of prostaglandin, which is why we want to avoid NSAIDs in cardiac patients.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when you take NSAIDs and why is it a concern?

A

You block prostaglandins, even the beneficial PGI2 (Prostacyclin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which mediator is a type of prostaglandin?

A

PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F: Prostacyclin is a vasodilator with a lot of basal secretion.

A

FALSE
-Prostacyclin is a vasodilator with little basal secretion, which is why you don’t want to take NSAID because it blocks prostacyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is prostacyclin (PGI2) beneficial?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the four mediators is the worst/only “bad” mediator?

A

Endothelin-1 (ET-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is Endothelin-1 (ET-1) bad?

A

Because it a vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which mediator is released in response to stimuli and acts as a vasoconstrictor?

A

Endothelin-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What occurs in response to oxidative stress?
Endothelial dysfunction | -An imbalance in mediators; decrease in NO and increase in pro-adhesion molecules
26
Name some examples of oxidative stress.
- Smoking | - Oxidized LDL cholesterol
27
What is the difference between early plaque and mature plaque?
- Early plague = soft tissue plaque | - Mature plaque = has more calcium present
28
What stabilizes mature plaque and prevents events from happening?
Fibrous cap
29
With ischemia, what happens because of the lack of O2?
A decrease in blood flow in myocardium
30
What are the concerns with increased myocardial O2 demand in ischemia?
- Heart rate - Contractility - Intramyocardial wall tension during systole
31
What is the concern when there is a decreased myocardial O2 supply in ischemia?
Coronary blood flow (atherosclerosis)
32
In ischemia, what is the most common problem?
Decreased myocardial O2 supply
33
When demand ___ supply, this is ischemia.
When demand > supply, this is ischemia.
34
What is another name for LCA (Left Coronary Artery)?
LEFT MAIN (coronary artery)
35
Which is the major artery that comes off the aorta?
Left Main
36
What does the Left Main Coronary Artery split into?
- LAD | - Circumflex
37
T/F: The Left Main artery branches off to posterior and anterior portion of the heart.
TRUE
38
Which arteries perfuse most of the heart?
Left Main | LAD
39
What artery is also known as the widow maker?
Left Main Coronary Artery
40
Which artery has a blockage if it is an Inferior MI?
Right Coronary Artery
41
What three forms does Ischemic Heart Disease present?
1) Silent ischemia 2) Stable ischemic heart disease 3) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
42
T/F: Silent ischemia presents with many symptoms and patients are very aware it is occurring.
FALSE | -Silent ischemia has no symptoms
43
Name a type of stable ischemic heart disease discussed in lecture.
Chronic stable (exertional) angina
44
T/F: Chronic stable (exertional) angina usually lasts less than 20-30 min and occurs upon exercise.
TRUE
45
____ ____ (_____) ____ can occur before a patient is aware they have CAD or after their diagnosis and/or treatment.
CHRONIC STABLE (EXERTIONAL) ANGINA can occur before a patient is aware they have CAD or after their diagnosis and/or treatment.
46
ACS = ____ ____
ACS = HEART ATTACK
47
What does UA stand for?
UNSTABLE ANGINA
48
What does NSTEMI stand for?
Non-ST elevated MI
49
What does STEMI stand for?
ST elevated MI
50
Which is the most "mild" form of ACS?
UA
51
What is another name for angina pectoris?
CHEST PAIN
52
T/F: Women have a delay to presentation of symptoms in heart attack.
TRUE
53
In what ways can myocardial ischemia be characterized (signs/symptoms)?
- Crushing pain - may radiate to left jaw, shoulder, and arm - Pressure - "Elephant sitting on chest" - Burning over sternum - common in women - Tightness, squeezing of chest or throat - SOB - Sweating, vomiting because of pain
54
UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI are examples of what?
ACS
55
A patient presents to the ER with crushing pain that radiates to left jaw, shoulder, and arm may be experiencing what?
Myocardial ischemia
56
A female patient presents to the ER with burning over the sternum, what is a possible concern?
Possible myocardial ischemia
57
What 3 things can angina pectoris be precipitated or caused by?
1) Exertion 2) Cold 3) Emotional stress, anger
58
T/F: Angina pectoris is relieved by rest only.
FALSE | -Angina pectoris is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)
59
How long can angina pectoris last?
0.5-30 minutes
60
T/F: Angina pectoris can be chronic in some patients.
TRUE
61
What is given to some patients who present to the ER with angina pectoris to differentiate from reflux?
GI cocktail (viscous lidocaine, Mag)
62
T/F: In a patient having chest pain for more than 20 minutes, it is considered an acute event.
TRUE
63
T/F: Ischemia always causes angina.
FALSE | -Ischemia may not always cause angina - i.e. Silent ischemia
64
____ present initially with angina first, ___ frequently have an acute event.
WOMEN present initially with angina first, MEN frequently have an acute event.
65
Why do you want to call emergency services instead of driving a patient to the ER?
Because of the presence of an AED
66
What age for men is a risk factor for CAD?
>45 years of age
67
What age for women is a risk factor for CAD?
>55 years of age or premature menopause
68
T/F: Family history of CHD is not a risk factor for CAD.
FALSE -Family history of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in a male primary relative <55 or female primary relative <65 is a risk factor for CAD
69
What age of a male primary relative that has CAD is a risk factor for CAD in a patient?
<55 years
70
What age of a female primary relative that has CAD is a risk factor for CAD in a patient?
<65 years of age
71
In a patient that is a current smoker, has DM, and is of European descent, what are their risk factors for CAD?
- Current smoker | - DM
72
T/F: HTN >130/80 is a risk factor for CAD.
FALSE | -HTN >140/90 or on antihypertensive therapy is a risk factor for coronary artery disease
73
_____ LDL and _____ HDL are risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease.
INCREASED LDL and DECREASED HDL are risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease.
74
What HDL level is a risk factor for CAD?
<40
75
What 5 things defines Metabolic Syndrome?
1) Increased waist circumference 2) Increased triglycerides 3) Increased BP 4) Increased glucose 5) Decreased HDL
76
How many of the Metabolic Syndrome conditions are required to be a risk factor for CAD?
3 or more
77
T/F: A patient that is South Asian is at high risk of developing Coronary Heart Disease.
TRUE
78
What ABI is a risk factor for CAD?
<0.9
79
What waist circumference in women and men is indicative of Metabolic Syndrome?
>35 inches for women | >40 inches for men
80
T/F: CKD is not a risk factor for CAD.
FALSE | -CKD is a risk factor for CAD
81
Which chronic inflammatory conditions are risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- RA - Lupus - Psoriasis - HIV/AIDS
82
What inflammatory mediators are risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- Increased homocysteine - Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) - Increased Lp(a) - Increased Apo B
83
Which inflammatory mediator is a natural marker for inflammation?
CRP
84
Which inflammatory mediator is the smallest, most atherogenic part of LDL and causes plaque buildup?
Lp(a)
85
What kind of fat is a risk factor for CAD?
Visceral fat (abdominal)
86
Which personality types are risk factors for CAD?
Type A & D
87
Which inflammatory mediator causes inflammation?
Homocysteine
88
Which mediator secreted by the endothelium causes smooth muscle relaxation in response to stress & has some anti-platelet activity?
NITRIC OXIDE
89
Name the two treatment principles for Ischemic Heart Disease.
1) Optimize "medical therapy" | 2) Revascularization
90
What is meant by Med Treat or Medical therapy?
Medications & lifestyle changes
91
Name the two revascularization procedures.
1) PTCI or PCI | 2) CABG
92
What is PTCI or PCI?
Percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention - AKA balloon angioplasty with a stent
93
What is CABG?
Coronary artery bypass grafting - AKA open heart surgery or bypass surgery
94
What is a CABG for?
Left Main | Blockages in multiple places
95
What are the goals for IHD?
- Decrease or prevent symptoms - Prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) events - ACS, arrhythmias, HF - Extend life - "Mortality Benefit"
96
What does "SAAB" stand for?
S - Statin A - Aspirin A - ACE-I B - Beta Blocker

PHA 415 - Therapeutics III (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions