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DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II > Exam 3 Howard Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 3 Howard Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Remove toxic byproducts of metabolism from blood
  • Remove urine from body
  • Endocrine (produce hormones)
  • Convert vitamin D precursor to active vitamin D
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2
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

____ are conserved when maintaining homeostasis in the urinary system

A

Fluids and nutrients

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4
Q

What hormones are produced by the urinary system?

A
  • Renin
  • Erythropoietin
  • Prostaglandins
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5
Q

What is regulated when maintaining homeostasis in the urinary system?

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Fluid volume
  • Acid/base balance
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6
Q

What are some characteristics of the kidneys?

A

Large, red, bean-shaped

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7
Q

Where are the kidneys situated?

A

Retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal wall

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8
Q

Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?

A

Due to the position of the liver superior to it

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9
Q

Which portion of the kidney faces medially?

A

Concave

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10
Q

Which portion of the kidney is situated laterally?

A

Convex

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11
Q

What is found on the concave portion of the kidney?

A

Recessed central fissure called hilum

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12
Q

The kidney is embedded in:

A

Perirenal fat

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13
Q

The ___ is a fat filled extension of the hilum

A

Renal sinus

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14
Q

____ connects to the ureters

A

Renal pelvis

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15
Q

What are the approximate measurements of the kidney?

A

11 cm x 4-5 cm x 2-3 cm

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16
Q

What region is the cortex of the kidney in?

A

Juxtamedullary region

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17
Q

What color is the outer cortex of the kidney?

A

Dark brown, granular

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18
Q

How many renal pyramids are located in the medulla?

A

6-12

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the renal pyramids?

A

Striated
Base towards cortex
Apex towards hilum

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20
Q

The apex of the renal pyramid connects to:

A

Renal papilla

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21
Q

What side of the renal pyramid forms the corticomedullary border?

A

Base

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22
Q

What are the three parts of the kidney lobe?

A

Renal pyramid
Cortical arch
Cortical columns of Bertin

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23
Q

What are the cortical columns of Bertin also known as?

A

Renal columns

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24
Q

What do the renal columns resemble?

A

Cortex

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25
Q

What are the ducts of Bellini?

A

Tubes of each pyramid converge

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26
Q

What do the ducts of Bellini drain into?

A

Minor calyx

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27
Q

True or false: the human kidney is multilobular

A

True

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28
Q

___ minor calyces drain into major calyces

A

2-3

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29
Q

Where do major calyces drain into?

A

Renal pelvis

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30
Q

___ major calyces drain into renal pelvis

A

3-4

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31
Q

In what organisms are multilobular kidneys found?

A

Humans and swine

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32
Q

In what organisms are unilobular kidneys found?

A

Monkeys and carnivores

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33
Q

The convex surface of the fetal kidney is ____

A

Irregular due to development stage

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34
Q

The papilla of the fetal kidney projects into:

A

Pelvicalyceal space

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35
Q

What is the kidney capsule made up of?

A
  • dense irregular collagenous CT
  • occasional elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
  • occasional capsular vessels
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36
Q

What is the unit of structure and function in the kidney?

A

Uriniferous tubule

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37
Q

The uriniferous tubule is highly ____

A

Convoluted

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38
Q

What is the function of the uriniferous tubule?

A

Modifies fluid to make urine

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39
Q

The epithelia of the uriniferous tubule have ____

A

Basal lamina

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40
Q

What are the two components of the uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron
Collecting tubule

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41
Q

There are ____ nephrons per kidney

A

1-3 million

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of the nephron?

A

Densely packed, scant CT stroma

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43
Q

How many nephrons does a single collecting duct drain?

A

Several

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44
Q

What do the collecting ducts converge to form?

A

Ducts of Bellini

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45
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical
  • Juxtamedullary
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46
Q

What are the two components of the nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Complex tubular system
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47
Q

15% of nephrons are ____

A

Juxtamedullary

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48
Q

The juxtamedullary nephron is about ___ in length

A

40 mm

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49
Q

Which component of the nephron filters fluid expressed from the blood?

A

Renal corpuscle

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50
Q

What component of the nephron modifies filtrate to form urine?

A

Complex tubular system

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51
Q

What structures are included in the cortex of the nephron?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  • Collecting tubules
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52
Q

What structures are included in the medulla?

A

Loops of Henle
Larger collecting tubules

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53
Q

The capillary bed of the renal corpuscle is:

A

Completely arterial

54
Q

What are the two portions of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus (capillary tuft)
  • Bowman’s capsule
55
Q

The vascular pole of the renal corpuscle contains:

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

56
Q

What does the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle form?

A

Connection with proximal tubule

57
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tufts of fenestrated anastomosing capillaries

58
Q

What are the characteristics of the fenestrated anastomosing capillaries in the glomerulus?

A
  • Large pores
  • 70-90 nm
  • Only exclude elements of blood and proteins larger than 69 kDa
59
Q

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Parietal (simple squamous epithelium)
  • Visceral (podocytes)
60
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Highly modified epithelial cells with a filtering function

61
Q

What are the two types of cytoplasmic extensions of the podocytes?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary (pedicel) - create filtration slits
62
Q

What are the two types of mesangial cells?

A

Extraglomerular and intraglomerular mesangial cells

63
Q

What are the two functions of the intraglomerular mesangial cells?

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Contractile
64
Q

What is the function of the phagocytic intraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Clear basal lamina of proteins and other large molecules trapped by basal lamina

65
Q

What is the function of contractile intraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Have receptors for angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction, thus reducing flow

66
Q

How does fluid leave capillaries?

A

Fenestrae

67
Q

What size particles are the limits for filtration?

A

Greater than 69 kDa

68
Q

The basal lamina impedes:

A

Negatively charged molecules

69
Q

What passes through the filtration slit diaphragm?

A

Uncharged and less than 4 nm

70
Q

Glomerular ultrafiltrate is located in:

A

Bowman’s space

71
Q

Where does glomerular ultrafiltrate flow into?

A

Proximal tubule

72
Q

True or false: glomerular ultrafiltrate is not yet urine

A

True

73
Q

What type of epithelium makes up Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

74
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule also known as?

A

Urinary space

75
Q

What type of tissue makes up the glomerulus?

A

Capillary tuft (endothelium)

76
Q

Can you distinguish podocytes from mesangial cells with H & E?

A

No

77
Q

What are the two components of the proximal portion of the nephron?

A
  • Convoluted tubule
  • Descending thick limb of Henle (straight portion)
78
Q

What makes up the limbs and loop of Henle in the nephron?

A
  • This descending limb
  • loop
  • Ascending thin limb
79
Q

What are the three components of the distal portion of the nephron?

A
  • Ascending thick limb straight portion (Pars recta)
  • Macula densa
  • Convoluted tubule (Pars convoluta)
80
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the proximal tubule?

A
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
  • Elaborate striated border
  • Intricate lateral processes (lateral cell membranes not apparent)
81
Q

What does the proximal tubule recover?

A
  • 67-80% of Na+, Cl-, H2O
  • All of glucose, amino acids, and proteins
82
Q

The proximal tubule eliminates:

A

Organic solutes, drugs, toxins

83
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the Henle complex?

A
  • Squamous epithelium
  • Bulging nuclei
  • Descending limb
  • Ascending limb
84
Q

What is the descending limb of the Henle complex permeable to?

A

Water, urea, sodium, chloride, and other ions

85
Q

The ____ is only moderately permeable to water

A

Ascending limb of Henle complex

86
Q

What is the ascending thick limb of the distal tubule impermeable to?

A

Water or urea

87
Q

What type of pump does the ascending thick limb of the distal tubule possess?

A

Chloride (and possibly sodium) pump that actively transports chloride/sodium from the lumen

88
Q

____ is impermeable to water and urea

A

Convoluted part of the distal tubule

89
Q

What type of pump does the convoluted portion of the distal tubule contain?

A

Basal Na+/K+ ATPase powered sodium-potassium exchange pump

90
Q

What is the macula densa a junction between?

A

Recta and convoluta

91
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the distal tubule?

A

Luminal space more apparent
More nuclei
Paler staining
More proximal convoluted tubules present in any one area because they are longer

92
Q

____ is the modified portion of the distal tubule between ascending thick limb and distal convoluted tubule

A

Macula densa

93
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole

94
Q

What do the granules of the juxtaglomerular cells contain?

A
  • Renin
  • Also contain angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I, angiotensin II
95
Q

What type of mesangial cells does the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain?

A

Extraglomerular

96
Q

____ is missing in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Basal lamina (so cells are in direct contact)

97
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors:

A

Composition of filtrate

98
Q

Collecting tubules are primarily:

A

Conduits

99
Q

What type of epithelium do collecting tubules have?

A

Simple cuboidal

100
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the collecting tubules?

A
  • Cortical
  • Medullary
  • Papillary
101
Q

Cortical collecting ducts contain ___ epithelium located in ____

A

Cuboidal; medullary rays

102
Q

What are the two major cell types of the cortical collecting ducts?

A
  • Principal
  • Intercalated
103
Q

____ are evident in cortical collecting ducts

A

Lateral cell membranes

104
Q

What do the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting ducts do?

A

Actively transport and secrete H+, thus modulating acid-base balance

105
Q

Which collecting ducts have a larger caliber?

A

Medullary collecting tubules

106
Q

____ is a union of several cortical collecting tubules

A

Medullary collecting tubules

107
Q

The inner zone of the medulla contains ____ cells only

A

Principal cells

108
Q

The outer zone of the medulla contains:

A

Both principal and intercalated cells

109
Q

What are papillary collecting tubules also known as?

A

Ducts of bellini

110
Q

What are papillary collecting tubules formed by?

A

Union of medullary collecting tubules

111
Q

Papillary collecting tubules contain ____ epithelium

A

Large, tall simple columnar

112
Q

Where are papillary collecting tubules located?

A

At apex of renal pyramid

113
Q

What do the papillary collecting tubules empty into?

A

Minor calyx

114
Q

The kidney medulla appears:

A

Striated

115
Q

Many vascular elements are noted in the renal medulla, which are called:

A

Vasa recta spuria

116
Q

What are the 5 components of the excretory passages?

A
  • Minor and major calyces
  • Renal pelvis of the kidney
  • Ureter
  • Single urinary bladder
  • Single urethra
117
Q

Where does the apex of the renal pyramid sit?

A

In minor calyx

118
Q

What is the apex of the renal pyramid covered in?

A

Transitional epithelium

119
Q

What is the coat of the minor calyces made of?

A

Thin muscular coat (smooth muscle) which propels urine

120
Q

What happens to the walls as you move down the excretory passages?

A

Walls thicken

121
Q

What does the ureter do?

A

Conveys urine from kidneys to bladder

122
Q

What does the single urinary bladder do?

A

Stores urine

123
Q

What does the single urethra do?

A

Conveys urine to outside of the body

124
Q

The ureter delivers urine to:

A

Bladder

125
Q

What type of tissues make up the ureter?

A
  • Mucosa (epithelium + CT), convoluted
  • Muscular coat
  • Fibrous connective tissue covering
126
Q

What are the three layers of the muscular coat of the ureter?

A

Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

127
Q

What type of epithelium does the ureter have?

A

Transitional

128
Q

____ stores urine

A

Bladder

129
Q

The mucosa of the urinary bladder has folds when:

A

Empty

130
Q

The urinary bladder has what kind of epithelium?

A

Transitional

131
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis of the urinary bladder?

A

Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

132
Q

What happens to the shape of the transitional epithelium cells when distended?

A

Dome shaped cells become flat

DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II (21 decks)

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