Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II > Exam 3 Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Exam 3 Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

pH is an indirect measure of:

A

[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pH is the ____ of the hydrogen ion concentration

A

Negative log

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is arterial blood pH?

A

~7.40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is venous blood pH?

A

7.35 (slightly lower than arterial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential of hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If arterial blood pH=7.4, what is the pCO2?

A

40 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If venous blood pH is 7.35, what is the pCO2?

A

45 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 4 disorders in the blood

A
  • Acidemia
  • Alkalemia
  • Hypocapnia
  • Hypercapnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is acidemia?

A

Low pH < 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is alkalemia?

A

High pH > 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low PCO2 (< 36 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High PCO2 (> 44 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An acid releases ____ in solution. Therefore it is a H+ ____

A

H+; donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name some examples of acids

A
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Carbonic acid
  • Carboxyl groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a base?

A

An ion or molecule that combines with protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some examples of a base?

A
  • Hydroxyl ions
  • Ammonia
  • Bicarbonate
  • Amino groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: Maintaining a pH between 7.37 and 7.42 is essential for the human body

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What pH range is compatible with human life?

A

6.8-7.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normal pH is essential for normal ____ function

A

Metabolic (such as enzyme activity, blood clotting, muscle contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metabolism produces acid which threatens to disturb ____

A

Body pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two types of acids in the body?

A
  • Volatile acids
  • Non-volatile acids (fixed acids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of volatile acids?

A
  • Carbonic acid formed from CO2
  • Cellular metabolism of carbs and fats produces CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some examples of non-volatile acids (fixed acids)?

A
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Phosphoric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sulfuric acid is made from:

A

Metabolism of methionine and cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrochloric acid is made from:

A

Lysine, arginine, histidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phosphoric acid is made from:

A

Phospholipids, nucleic acids, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is acid-base balance concerned with?

A

Maintaining a normal H+ ion concentration in body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Acid-base balance is achieved by what 3 processes?

A
  • Buffer systems in ECF and ICF
  • Respiratory mechanisms that excrete CO2
  • Renal mechanisms that reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false: the processes by which acid-base balance is achieved can correct the cause of the imbalance

A

False - they only compensate for an imbalance and attempt to restore blood pH to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chemical buffers are on the scene in ____

A

Seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

____ are always present in tissue and will handle major changes in the acid base balance

A

Chemical buffers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Respiratory compensation mechanism is by way of:

A

Retention or elimination of CO2 via lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The respiratory compensation mechanism works within ____

A

Minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Renal compensation mechanism regulates:

A

HCO3- to combat H+ losses and gains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How quick does the renal compensation mechanism work?

A

Slow to start and requires up to 5 hours to complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Acids must be:

A
  • Buffered
  • Transported away from cells
  • Eliminated from the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Any substance that reversibly consumes or releases H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A buffer is something that acts like a:

A

Protective cushion or shield

39
Q

A ____ helps to minimize changes in pH that occurs when acid or base is added to a system

A

Physiological buffer

40
Q

True or false: a buffer can prevent changes in pH

A

FALSE - they just minimize the change

41
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A
  • Weak acid with its conjugate base OR
  • Weak base with its conjugate acid
42
Q

When does maximum buffering occur?

A

When pH = pKa (means that there are equal concentrations of HA and A-)

43
Q

What are 4 important physiological buffers?

A
  • Bicarbonate
  • Ammonia
  • Phosphate
  • Proteins
44
Q

Where does bicarbonate act as a buffer?

A

In ECF and renal tubular filtrate

45
Q

Ammonia is an important buffer for _____

A

Renal tubular filtrate

46
Q

Where is phosphate an important buffer?

A

ECF and renal tubular filtrate

47
Q

___ are important ICF and plasma buffers

A

Proteins

48
Q

Why are proteins important ICF and plasma buffers?

A

Amino acids contain positively charged amino groups (R-NH2) and negatively charged carboxyl groups (R-COOH)

49
Q

What are some examples of important protein buffers?

A

Hemoglobin and albumin

50
Q

What are the two most important intracellular buffers?

A

Proteins and phosphates

51
Q

The ____ is the 1st line of defense when H+ is gained or lost from the body

A

Bicarbonate buffering system

52
Q

In the bicarbonate buffering system, the buffer is the ____ and its conjugate base is _____

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3); Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

53
Q

True or false: since carbonic acid is a weak acid, H2CO3 easily dissociates into H+ ions and HCO3- ions

A

True

54
Q

The bicarbonate buffering system reaction is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme

55
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffering system reaction?

A
56
Q

____ provides information regarding acid base imbalances

A

The dissociation equation for carbonic acid

57
Q

The concentration of H2CO3 is a direct function of:

A

PCO2

58
Q

At what concentration is [HCO3-] maintained at by renal tubular reabsorption?

A

~24 mM

59
Q

[PCO2] and thus ____ are regulated by ____

A

[carbonic acid]; Alveolar ventilation

60
Q

Increased Va will ____ [PCO2] and ____ [carbonic acid] in the plasma

A

Decrease; increase

61
Q

PCO2 is maintained at _____ by alveolar ventilation

A

40 mmHg

62
Q

What does the HH equation state?

A

The pH in blood is equal to a constant (pKa) plus the log ratio of HCO3- to PCO2

63
Q

Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in blood in what ratio?

A

20:1

64
Q

As long as the 20:1 ratio of HCO3- to ___ PCO2, the pH remains at ____

A

0.03; 7.4

65
Q

Changes in [HCO3-] are termed ____

A

Metabolic

66
Q

Changes in PCO2 are termed ____

A

Respiratory

67
Q

True or false: nearly all proteins function as buffers

A

True

68
Q

What is H+ buffered in RBC’s by?

A

Hemoglobin (H+ + Hb –> HHb)

69
Q

Phosphate is present in what ionic forms?

A

HPO42-, H2PO4-, H3PO4

70
Q

What is the most common form of phosphate?

A

HPO42-

71
Q

Bone and teeth bind up ____ of the body’s phosphate as part of calcium phosphate salts

A

85%

72
Q

Where else is phosphate found?

A

Phospholipids, ATP, nucleotides, buffers

73
Q

What are the three buffering systems?

A
  • Intracellular and extracellular buffering system
  • Respiratory buffering system
  • Renal buffering system
74
Q

The intracellular and extracellular buffering system uses:

A

Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

75
Q

The respiratory buffering system uses:

A

Bicarbonate

76
Q

The renal buffering system uses:

A

Bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia

77
Q

____ is the main input regulating ventilation under normal conditions

A

PCO2 of arterial blood

78
Q

Increased PCO2 is sensed by ____. Where are they found?

A

Chemoreceptors; Centrally (medulla) and peripherally (carotid and aortic bodies)

79
Q

Increased PCO2 triggers ____

A

Ventilation

80
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Holding your breath

81
Q

What happens during hypoventilation?

A

Lowers blood pH; acidosis

82
Q

What does hyperventilation cause?

A

Lowers PCO2, increases blood pH, alkalosis

83
Q

How is alkalosis remedied?

A

By re-breathing air from a paper bag

84
Q

True or false: minor adjustments in breathing are usually sufficient to adjust the pH of the blood by changing how much CO2 is exhaled

A

True

85
Q

Most of the HCO3- filtered by the kidneys is ____

A

Reabsorbed

86
Q

What happens during the renal mechanism?

A
  • the kidney generates new HCO3- to replenich HCO3- lost in buffering
  • Also excretes acid equivalent to the amount of fixed acid produced each day
  • this is excreted as titratable acid and ammonium
87
Q

What does the kidney do if the body is too alkaline?

A

Kidneys can also secrete HCO3- by stimulating a-intercalated cells in the collecting ducts

88
Q

Urine is typically acid because of the need to:

A

Eliminate acidic metabolites and retain HCO3

89
Q

Since HCO3- is a very powerful and fast-acting buffer ____ is vital for the maintenance of acid-base balance

A

Recovery of HCO3-

90
Q

What is the major site for HCO3- reabsorption?

A

Proximal tubule (80%)

91
Q

___% of filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed

A

99.9%

92
Q

True or false: virtually no HCO3- remains in urine

A

True

93
Q
A

DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions