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DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II > 1/31 Exam 2 Howard Circulatory System > Flashcards

1/31 Exam 2 Howard Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the circulatory system?

A
  • blood vascular system (cardiovascular system)
  • lymphatic vascular system
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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports blood

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3
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Collects and transports lymph fluid back to blood vascular system

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4
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart and blood vessels

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5
Q

What are the two branches of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • pulmonary
  • systemic
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6
Q

What is the path of blood flow in the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary arteries
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7
Q

What is the path of blood flow in the systemic circuit?

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • to body
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8
Q

_____ brings oxygen-poor blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

_____ brings oxygen-rich blood to body

A

Systemic circuit

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10
Q

What is the heart?

A
  • pump
  • four chambered
  • responsible for blood flow
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11
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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12
Q

The epicardium is also known as:

A

Visceral percardium

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13
Q

Endocardium is lined with:

A

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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14
Q

____ encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid

A

Pericardium

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15
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double walled pericardial sac with a serous and fibrous layer

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16
Q

What is the function of the peridardium?

A

Allows the heart to slip and slide around as it is beating

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17
Q

Epicardium aka:

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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18
Q

The epicardium is lined with _____ called ______

A

Simple squamous epithelium; mesothelium

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19
Q

Epicardium contains:

A
  • Loose connective tissue that contains coronary vessels, nerves, ganglia
  • adipose tissue
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20
Q

Thickest of the three layers

A

Myocardium

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21
Q

Myocardium is composed of:

A

Cardiac muscle

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22
Q

Myocardium contains muscle cells such as:

A
  • Sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
  • purkinje fibers
  • ANP cells (specialized cells that secreted ANP)
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23
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A
  • pacemaker of the heart
  • sets pumping rate
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24
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Junction superior vena cava, right atrium

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25
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

accepts impulses from SA node

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26
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Medial wall of right ventricle

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27
Q

Bundle of His serves ____

A

Both ventricles

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28
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

branches of the bundle of His

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29
Q

What is ANP?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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30
Q

ANP is primarily produced by:

A

Cells of the auricles of the atria

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31
Q

What is the function of ANP?

A
  • Promotes salt and water excretion by the kidneys
  • lowers blood pressure
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32
Q

The effects of ANP are antagonistic to _____

A

Aldosterone

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33
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Innermost layer of the heart

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34
Q

Endocardium is lined by ____ which is termed _____

A

simple squamous epithelium; endothelium

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35
Q

Where is the subendocardial layer found?

A

Between the endocardium and myocardium

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36
Q

What does the subendocardial layer contain?

A
  • fibroelastic connective tissue
  • small blood vessels
  • nerves
  • purkinje fibers
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37
Q

Arteries carry blood _____

A

Away from the heart

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38
Q

Types of arteries

A
  • elastic
  • muscular
  • arterioles
  • metarterioles
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39
Q

____ are conducting or large arteries

A

Elastic

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40
Q

____ are distributing or medium arteries

A

Muscular

41
Q

Functions of arterioles

A
  • regulate blood pressure
  • vasoconstrict or vasodilate
  • distribute blood to capillaries
42
Q

Veins carry blood _____

A

Away from body tissues, toward the heart

43
Q

Types of veins

A

Small, medium, large

44
Q

Small veins are termed:

A

Venules

45
Q

What is the function of venules?

A
  • exchange of material
  • respond to vasodilators (serotonin, histamine)
46
Q

Do capillaries contain smooth muscle?

A

No - no vasomotor

47
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  • fenestrated
  • continuous
  • discontinuous
48
Q

Blood vessels have a constant design, consisting of:

A

3 tunics (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia)

49
Q

Tunica intima is lined with:

A

Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

50
Q

Tunica intima contains what components?

A
  • endothelium
  • subendothelium (connective tissue)
  • internal elastic lamina
51
Q

Tunica media contains:

A
  • muscle and/or elastic fibers
  • connective tissue
  • external elastic lamina
52
Q

Tunica adventitia contains:

A
  • primarily connective tissue
  • scattered muscle fibers, vasa vasorum, nerve fibers
53
Q

Blood vessels contain a general structure. What makes arteries and veins different?

A

Size of each tunic

54
Q

_____ have an incomplete internal elastic lamina

A

Elastic arteries

55
Q

_____ contain 40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes

A

Elastic arteries

56
Q

_____ contain ~40 layers of smooth muscle cells

A

Muscular arteries

57
Q

Arterioles contain ____ layers of smooth muscle cells

A

1-2

58
Q

In metarterioles, ____ are formed by _____ of smooth muscle cells. These encircle _____

A

Precapillary sphincters; incomplete rings; origins of the capillaries

59
Q

As blood moves through larger to smaller arteries, the tunica media gets:

A

Thinner and thinner

60
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Terminal ends of the arterioles

61
Q

Endothelial cell functions (8)

A
  • barrier function (selectively permeable membrane)
  • vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • inhibition of coagulation
  • facilitation of transepithelial migration of inflammatory cells
  • angiogenesis
  • synthesis of growth factors
  • modifying angiotensin I
  • oxidation of lipoproteins
62
Q

Endothelin I is secreted by _____ and attaches to _____

A

Capillary endothelial cells; vascular smooth muscle cells

63
Q

What is endothelin I?

A

potent vasoconstrictor; keeps smooth muscle cells contracted for long periods of time resulting in elevated blood pressure

64
Q

Some _____ cells contain Weibel-Palade bodies, meaning they contain _____

A

Endothelial; von Willebrand factor

65
Q

Function of von Willebrand factor

A
  • Facilitates coagulation of platelets
  • mediates adhesion of platelets to damaged epithelial surfaces
66
Q

____ mediated adhesion of platelets to damaged epithelial surfaces

A

von Willebrand factor

67
Q

Von Willebrand disease is ____

A

Inherited

68
Q

Describe symptoms of Von Willebrand disease

A
  • impaired platelet adhesion
  • prolonged coagulation time
  • excessive bleeding
69
Q

____, especially _____, are responsible for exchange of materials

A

Venules; postcapillary venules

70
Q

Venules contain _____ instead of a tunica media

A

Pericytes

71
Q

______ act on small venules

A

Serotonin and histamine

72
Q

What is the effect of serotonin and histamine on small venules?

A

Makes them leaky by increasing the distances between membranes of contiguous endothelial cells

73
Q

Most intracellular gaps occur in _____ venules rather than in capillaries

A

Postcapillary

74
Q

Leukocytes leave the vascular system at the _____ to enter the connective tissue space via diapedesis

A

Postcapillary venules

pass through intercellular junctions of endothelial cells

75
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line capillaries and venules

76
Q

Pericytes have some ____ properties

A

Contractile

77
Q

Capillary types

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoidal (discontinuous)
78
Q

____ capillaries have the smallest diameter and form tight junctions

A

Continuous capillaries

79
Q

_____ have an intermediate diameter and form tight junctions

A

Fenestrated capillaries

80
Q

_____ have the largest diameter and have discontinuous endothelium and basal lamina

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

81
Q

_____ can pass through the fenestrations of fenestrated capillaries

A

Larger molecules

81
Q

_____ and _____ have the ability to alter cappilary permeability

A

Bradykinin and histamine

81
Q

Capillary permeability is dependent on:

A
  • type of endothelial cell
  • size, charge, shape of traversing substance
82
Q

Capillary permeability allows for:

A
  • diffusion
  • active transport
  • movement through fenestrae or through gaps in the intercellular junctions
83
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A
  • muscle
  • thymus
  • nervous and connective tissues
84
Q

What moves across the continuous capillary wall?

A
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • nucleosides
  • purines
85
Q

Continuous capillaries are characterized by:

A

abundance of pinocytotic vesicles

86
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, through the unruptured walls of capillaries (and small venules) into tissue

87
Q

_____ is one of the first inflammatory responses to infection

A

Diapedesis

88
Q

During diapedesis, molecules pass through the areas of the ____ which have _____ in response to the infectious process

A

Tight junctions; loosened

89
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are characterized by _____

A

Pores in their walls that are covered by a pore diaphragm

90
Q

Fenestrated capillaries allow ______ compared to the continuous capillary

A

More to travel across the wall

91
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Pancreas, intestines, endocrine glands

92
Q

______ have discontinuous endothelial cells and basal lamina

A

Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries

93
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries contain:

A

Large fenestrae without diaphragms

94
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A
  • bone marrow
  • liver
  • spleen
  • some of the endocrine glands
95
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries have an _____ diameter

A

Enlarged

96
Q

____ are often located either in or along the outside of the endothelial wall of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Macrophages

DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II (21 decks)

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