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DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II > 1/12 Howard Integument > Flashcards

1/12 Howard Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the integument?

A
  • Skin
  • Glands
  • Nails
  • Hair
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2
Q

Largest organ of the human body

A

Skin

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3
Q

The skin makes up ___ of body weight

A

16%

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4
Q

The skin covers ____ of area

A

2 square meters

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5
Q

Two types of skin

A
  • thick skin
  • thin skin
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6
Q

Thick skin is present where there is or is no hair present?

A

No hair present

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7
Q

Thin skin is present where there is or is no hair present?

A

Where there is hair present (hair follicles defining structure)

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8
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A
  • Barrier function (physical, chemical, biological assaults)
  • homeostatic function
  • excretory function sebaceous and sweat glands)
  • secretory function (vitamin D synthesis)
  • sensory function

BHESS

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9
Q

What are the components of barrier function of the skin?

A
  • general wear and tear
  • waterproofing
  • immunological defense
  • protection against UV radiation
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10
Q

What are the components of homeostatic function of the skin?

A
  • hydration
  • heat regulation
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11
Q

Epidermis is derived from ____, while the dermis is derived from ____

A

Ectoderm (entirely); mesoderm

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12
Q

Epidermis is composed of what kind of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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13
Q

____ is composed of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dermis

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14
Q

The hypodermis consists of:

A

Loose connective tissue and adipocytes

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15
Q

True or false: The hypodermis is technically part of the skin

A

False - it is not, it is the underlying superficial fascia

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16
Q

What cell types are found in epidermis?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Merkel cells
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17
Q

The dermis consists of what layers?

A
  • Papillary layer (loose CT)
  • Reticular layer (dense irregular CT)
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18
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • fibroblasts

loose connective tissue

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19
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis consists of?

A
  • hair follicles
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
  • nerves
  • blood vessels

dense irrecular CT (reticular fibers)

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20
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A
  • sole of foot
  • palm of hand
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21
Q

Thick skin - thickness in mm

A

0.5mm

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22
Q

Thin skin is found where?

A

Everywhere else on the skin (except areas of thick skin)

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23
Q

How thick is thin skin?

A

0.1mm

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24
Q

Distinguishing feature of thin skin

A

Hair follicles

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25
Q

What are the layers of thick skin?

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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26
Q

What are the layers of thin skin?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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27
Q

Thin skin does not have what two layers?

A

No clearly defined stratum lucidum or stratum granulosum layers

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28
Q

Main cell type of epidermis

A

Keratinocytes (95%)

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29
Q

True or false: there are more layers of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum layer of thin skin compared to thick skin

A

False - more in thick skin (~50 layers compared to just 5 in thin skin)

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30
Q

True or false: in thin skin, there may be cells of the stratum lucidum/stratum granulosum but the layer would appear very thin or discontinuous

A

True

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31
Q

Stratum corneum is also known as:

A

Cornified cell layer

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32
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A
  • dead, anucleated
  • contains flattened keratinocytes (squames)
  • 5-50 layers thick (thick/thin skin)
  • shed from surface
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33
Q

Stratum lucidum is also known as:

A

Clear cell layer

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34
Q

Describe the components of stratum lucidum

A
  • contains clear keratinocytes
  • no nuclei
  • filled with keratin

mainly in thick skin

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35
Q

Stratum granulosum is also known as:

A

Granular cell layer

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36
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum (5)

A
  • 3-5 cell layers thick
  • nucleated keratinocytes
  • produce keratohyalin granules
  • make membrane-coating granules
  • have desmosomes
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37
Q

What does nucleated keratinocytes mean?

A
  • cells are still alive
  • beginning the process of becoming keratinized

stratum granulosum

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38
Q

____ produce keratohyalin granules in the stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocytes

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39
Q

Stratum spinosum is also known as:

A

Prickle cell layer

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40
Q

Describe the components of the stratum spinosum

A
  • mature keratinocytes
  • produce membrane-coating granules
  • contain tonofilaments
  • Langerhans cells present
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41
Q

____ is the thickest layer of the epidermis and is mitotically active

A

Stratum spinosum

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42
Q

_____ shows reduced thickness in thin skin

A

Stratum spinosum

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43
Q

Which layers of the epidermis produce membrane-coating granules?

A
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
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44
Q

The stratum spinosum has a prickly appearance due to:

A

Presence of numerous desmosomes connecting the cells

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45
Q

Stratum basale contains how many cell layers?

A

One

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46
Q

In the stratum basale, keratinocytes go from ___ to ____

A

Cuboidal to columnar

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47
Q

____ makes the basement membrane of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

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48
Q

____ contains progenitor cells that undergo cell renewal to create all keratinocytes

A

Stratum basale

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49
Q

Where can you find melanocytes and Merkel cells?

A

Stratum basale

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50
Q

Intermediate filaments in epithelial cells are ____ proteins called _____

A

Keratin; tonofilaments

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51
Q

Intermediate filaments are _____ that provide ____

A

cytoplasmic protein structures; cell structure and tensile strength

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52
Q

Keratins make up ____ distinct proteins, form ____, and make up ____ of cornified cells

A

30; intermediate filaments; 85%

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53
Q

Bundles of tonofilaments form a _____

A

tonofibril

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54
Q

How many tonofilaments are needed to form a tonofibril?

A

8 keratin IFs

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55
Q

Keratohyalin granules are made up of:

A
  • tonofibril
  • proteins such as profilaggrin, loricrin, trichohyalin

assembly of IFs bundled with other proteins then become keratinized

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56
Q

Synthesis of keratin 5 and 14 occur in:

A

Stratum basale

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57
Q

Synthesis of keratin 1 and 10 occur in:

A

Stratum spinosum

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58
Q

In the stratum spinosum, ____ are formed and are enveloped in ____. ____ merge with ____ forming keratin

A

tonofilaments; keratohyalin; keratohyalin granules; tonofilaments

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59
Q

Apoptosis starts in what layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

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60
Q

Granular cells become cornified cells in what layer?

A

Stratum corneum (takes 2-6 days, nucleus lost)

61
Q

Waterproofing of skin: ____ produce the hydrophobic barrier

A

Lipids

62
Q

Waterproofing of skin: keratinocytes produce _____ called ____ which contain ____

A

membrane coated granules; lamellar bodies; glycophospholipids

63
Q

Lipid contents of lamellar bodies are extruded in ____ which form a ____

A

Stratum granulosum; lipid envelope

64
Q

____ + ____ produces compound cornified cell envelope

A

lipid envelope; cornified envelope

65
Q

What is the internal aspect of cell membrane in stratum corneum?

A

Cornified cell envelope

66
Q

True or false: keratinocytes are active in the immune response

A

True - capable of producing interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, platelet and fibroblast stimulating growth factors

67
Q

Melanocytes are derived from:

A

Neural crest cells

68
Q

Melanin is derived from:

A

Tyrosine

69
Q

In melanocytes, ____ penetrate the stratum spinosum

A

Dendrites

70
Q

Melanocytes manufacture ___ by organelles called ____

A

Melanin; melanosomes

71
Q

Dark brown to black pigment

A

Eumelanin

72
Q

Red pigment in red and blond individuals is called:

A

Pheomelanin

73
Q

Melanosomes are ____ containing vesicles

A

Tyrosinase

74
Q

Enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin

A

Tyrosinase

75
Q

Tyrosinase is activated by:

A

UV light

76
Q

Process of melanin production

A
  • Melanin excreted via dendritic processes into extracellular space
  • Endocytosed by keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
  • Migrate to nuclear region of keratinocytes and form protective umbrella shielding nucleus/chromosomes from UV
77
Q

True or false: once melanin is made by melanosomes, they remain to repeat the process of melanin production

A

False - melanosomes are eventually destroyed by lysosomes, then the process is repeated

78
Q

UV ____ rates of darkening of melanin and ____ tyrosinase activity and melanin production

A

Increase; enhance

79
Q

True or false: melanosomes are produced and excreted quickly

A

True

80
Q

Melanosomes appearance in H&E stain

A
  • seen and stored in keratinocytes (not melanocytes)
  • clear cytoplasm
81
Q

Densities of melanocytes are dependent on what components?

A
  • density of vascularization
  • proximity of blood vessels to surface
82
Q

Fewer melanocytes are found in:

A
  • insides of thighs
  • undersides of arms and face
83
Q

Skin color is produced by the amount of ____ not the number of ____

A

Melanin; melanocytes

84
Q

Langerhans cells are primary sites of ___ infection

A

HIV

85
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from:

A

Bone marrow

86
Q

Where are langerhans cells found?

A

Stratum spinosum and all mucous membranes (ex. oral epithelium)

87
Q

Langerhans cells are ____ cells and activate ____

A

Antigen presenting; T-cell circuit

88
Q

To activate the immune response, Langerhans cells:

A
  • phagocytose antigens
  • migrate to lymph vessel of dermis to enter nearby lymph node
89
Q

Langerhans Cell histiocytosis

A

Rare syndrome that involves tissue infiltration with mitotically active Langerhans cells

90
Q

Langerhans Cell histiocytosis commonly develops in:

A

Children 1-3 years (but can develop at any age)

91
Q

Langerhans Cell histiocytosis is more common in:

A

Boys (2:1 ratio boys to girls)

92
Q

Langerhans Cell histiocytosis can damage ____ and form ____

A

Adjacent tissues; large lesions

93
Q

Where are Merkel cells found in the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale (receptor portion)

94
Q

Merkel cells in the skin are most abundant in:

A

Fingertips

95
Q

Merkel cells contain ____ receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors/touch receptors

96
Q

Merkel cells send mechanical stimulus from the ____ to axon terminals of ____

A

surface of the skin; free nerve endings

97
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A
  • simplest receptors, free dendrites of unipolar neurons
  • respond to physical/chemical disturbance, perceived as pain
98
Q

Dermis is derived from:

A

Mesoderm

99
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
100
Q

Papillary dermis contains what kind of tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue

101
Q

Papillary dermis forms ____ which interpose with epidermal ____

A

Invaginations of dermal papillae; pegs

102
Q

Papillary layer of dermis contains:

A
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatics
  • sensory receptors
103
Q

What is the deepest layer of skin?

A

Reticular dermis

104
Q

Reticular dermis contains what kind of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

105
Q

What fibers are found in dermis?

A
  • Type I collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
106
Q

Reticular dermis contains:

A
  • sweat glands and ducts
  • hair follicles
  • arrector pili muscles
  • sebaceous glands
  • sensory receptors
107
Q

How does the skin keep the body warm?

A
  • barrier of the epidermis
  • insulating layer of adipose tissue from hypodermis
  • insulating layer of hair
  • vasoconstriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow
108
Q

How does the skin keep the body cool?

A
  • sweat (protein secretion from coiled tubular sweat glands) - evaporates to cool the skin
  • vasodilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow
109
Q

Sweat glands: secretory cells are ____ in shape, and the ducts have ___

A

low cuboidal to columnar; stratified cuboidal epithelium

110
Q

What types of sweat glands are found in the body?

A
  • eccrine sweat glands
  • apocrine sweat glands
111
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are found:

A

Throughout the body, mainly dermis and hypodermis

112
Q

Function of eccrine sweat glands

A
  • thermoregulation
  • excrete in a merocrine fashion (secretion of product into a lumen via exocytosis)
113
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are stimulated via:

A

sympathetic nervous system

114
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A
  • axilla
  • areola of nipple
  • anus
  • external auditory canal
  • eyelids
115
Q

Apocrine sweat glands open into:

A

canals of hair follicles superficial to entry of sebaceous glands

116
Q

____ with bacteria produce distinctive odors

A

Apocrine sweat glands (otherwise odorless)

117
Q

____ thought to possibly be vestigial scent glands

A

Apocrine sweat glands

118
Q

Sebaceous glands are found:

A

Throughout the body but not palms, soles and sides of feet

119
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete:

A

Sebum (wax like substance containing cholesterol, triglycerides, cell debris)

120
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Maintenance of skin texture and hair flexibility

121
Q

____ are influences by sex hormones and output increases after puberty

A

Sebaceous glands

122
Q

In sebaceous glands feeding into hair follicles, what happens to cells?

A

Apoptosis/disintegrate to release cell contents

123
Q

Skin, as a sensory organ, contains:

A
  • Merkel cells (fine touch, mechanoreception)
  • free nerve endings (pain)
  • Meissner’s corpuscle (touch and pain)
  • Pacinian corpuscle (pressure only)
124
Q

Where is Meissner’s corpuscle found?

A

In the dermal papillae at the junction of epidermis and underlying connective tissue

125
Q

Pacinian corpuscle is found in the ____ surrounded by ____

A

Hypodermis; fat cells

looks like onion layers

126
Q

What muscle is associated with hair follicles?

A

Arrector pili muscles

127
Q

What are freckles?

A
  • Hyperpigmented spots primarily locates in sun exposed areas of the body
  • increased melanin production and accumulation in stratum basalis
128
Q

Freckles are demonstrated by:

A

3 years of age

129
Q

Freckles do not result from:

A

Increase in number of melanocytes

130
Q

Freckles tend to fade in:

A

Winter

131
Q

What is psoriasis?

A
  • patchy lesions
  • hyperplasia of keratinocytes in stratum basale/spinosum
  • accumulation of keratinocytes and abnormal growth of stratum corneum
132
Q

True or false: in psoriasis, there is an accelerated cell cycle

A

True - may increase as much as 7x normal

133
Q

Psoriasis lesions common on:

A
  • scalp
  • elbow and knees
  • but can occur anywhere
134
Q

Psoriasis is ____ but manageable ___ condition

A

Incurable; chronic

135
Q

What are warts?

A
  • benign epidermal growths
  • epidermal hyperplasia thickens epidermis with scaling
  • infection of keratinocytes with papillomaviruses
136
Q

True or false: warts are not contagious

A

False - contagious due to papillomavirus

137
Q

Warts are common in:

A
  • children
  • young adults
  • immunosuppressed patients
138
Q

Types of skin cancers

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
139
Q

Most common human malignancy

A

Basal cell carcinoma

140
Q

Basal cell carcinoma can occur due to

A

Exposure to UV radiation in cells of stratum basalis

141
Q

____ do not metastasize but are destructive to local tissues

A

Basal cell carcinoma

142
Q

Basal cell carcinoma can be fixed with:

A

Surgery (90% recover)

143
Q

2nd most common skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

144
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma occurs in _____ and can ____

A

keratinocytes of epidermis; metastasize (locally invasive)

145
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma can occur due to:

A

exposure to UV radiation, x-irradiation, soot, chemical carcinogens, arsenic

146
Q

____ most prevalent in fair-skinned individuals

A

Malignant melanoma

147
Q

True or false: prevalence is increasing in malignant melanoma

A

True

148
Q

Malignant melanoma can occur due to:

A

Excessive exposure to sun (transforms melanocytes)

149
Q

Malignant melanoma is the worst skin cancer because:

A
  • metastatic, very invasive
  • penetrates dermis and crosses basement membrane to enter lymphatic vessels and bloodstream to travel throughout body

DEN 7101S Human Structure and Function II (21 decks)

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