Exam 3 EQs Flashcards
Division of Labor for hunting and gathering Societies
V. The gendered division - Men are breadwinner, meat
A: Understanding major patterns
- Foraging: Biology plays determinitive role
- Horticulte: Patterns widespread not universal
B: Foraging - men all hunting, Women provide most calorie, meat is like gold
1: Fertility Maintenance - Fertility would shut down form activity ( not true, some rare exceptions)
2: Reproductive roles - Men are less valuable than woman, not good argument people generally dont die when hunting
3: Relative strength - Weak argument, tools equalize hunting, Warfare exception
4: Compatibility with child care
a. Little concentration, repetative
b. interrupted and resumable
c. no signifigant risk to children
d. Do not require extensive travel for kids
Variability of Gender Roles in Horticultural societies
V. See more Variability in horticultural societies
A: Understanding Variability
1: Horticultural work Vs Intensive agricultural work - women do most in Horti, men in intensive
2: Root Crops vs Cereal grain
- Over half grow root crops, less work more consistent, Horti
- Cereal grains, require alot of work a few times a season, men grow
3: Warfare - men still hunters and warriors in Horti
- Iroquios grow corn, men hunted, women take care of corn, men War
- Intensive agr, specialized warriors who dont farm
B: Final thoughts - Horticulture leans away from patterns becuase there is so much variation in crops.
Bands
A: Forager, Horticultural
- Forager - Bands drive gorups
- Horti - Mostly live in bands
1: Simple bands - ju/’Hoansi
- Between 50-200 people, extended family groups
- Provide political structure as well
2: Composite bands - big man, influence (lacked authority)
- Between 500-1400 people, Comanche
Chiefdoms
C: led by Chief, person of authority, orders followed and not questions
- Between 8-50k almost always horti
1: Powhatan Federation - 8k, 30 Villages
- Hereditary cheifs, supernatural powers in family
2: Oceania - Tahiti, 100k people 20 Chiefdoms
a. Social Levels - Sacred > small > sub > common people
b. Redistribution
- common in cheifdoms
Describe India’s Caste system
IV: Castes in traditional India - Still prevalent in rural areas
A: Varnas - Brahmins (priests); Kshatriyas (nobles); Vaishas (merchants); Shudras (Farmers)
B: Jati (subcastes) - must marry in Varnas, Jati often endogamous
C: Outcastes (untouchables) - outside the caste system, Dalits (oppressed)
D: Historical development
- Caucas tribe conquer peaceful Dravidians
- Make racial distinction between rulers and ruled
- Over course of 3k yr become metaphoric caste system
E: Caste system and Hinduism
- Thousands of Gods, some clearly from Aryan Migrants
1: Reincarnation - if you live according to your caste reincarnate to higher one
2: Karma - Good = better reincarnation
3: NIrvana - Brahman prize at top of Caste latter
F: Modern India - Affirmative action laws to minimize equality
Sorcery
A: Sorcery - Mortals maniplate Supernatural force, Malicous intent
1: James Frazer - break down in two principles
a. Imitative principle - voodoo, do harm to replica does harm to themm
b. Contagious principle - female pollution, Wogeo
2: Sorcery and Social relationships - people generally target those that they do not like, they have some relationship to them
Melanesian Cargo Cults
VII. Type of Revitalization movement
A: Contact with Western Societies during WW2, Divine origin of Goods
B: John Frum - Best organized, Messiah would bring them Cargo if mimic Americans, John Frum lives in valcano with thier ancestors
C: Composite origin of John Frum, Merge of Uncle Sam, Santa Claus, and John the Baptist.
Attributes of Ethnic Groups
II. Ethnic Groups; civilizations
- Groups with common lang, culture, identity, territory
A: Situational nature- Italian: Sicilian, Tuscan
- Tuscans and Sicilians may differentiate in Italy but when in US, Italians
B: Attibutes of ethnic groups - common origin or myth explaining group
1: Origin myth - Japanese have myths explaining thier path to existence that doesnt necisarily include the rest of the world
2: Ethnic boundry markers
- Malaysian vs Chinese have physical and language differences
- Bosnians vs Croatians vs Serbs look and sound the same, tatoos differentiate, also wear Hijabs because they are Muslim
C: Fluidity of ehtnic groups - can die out or rise up, ethnogenisis
Types of ethnic groups
III. Types of ehtnic groups
A: Nations and nationality - homeland
- Sweden, Norway, Finalnd, Denmark very homogenous, but borders are representative of ethnic borders; some minority exceptions
B: Subnationalities - Mexican American; lack defined homeland, practice languages and customs but live in America
C: Transnationals - Pakistanis: Britian; People displaced by war or poverty; Refugees
D: Civilization - Islamic Civ; Western Civ
- Different territories but Islam brings them together
- Christians states follow same principle
