Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Feild that uses excavation of sites and analysis of material remains to investigate cultures that existed before the development of writing

A

Prehistoric Archaology

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2
Q

Field that investigates the past of literate peoples through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other material remains

A

Historic archaeology

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3
Q

Physical differences among human poplulations; an interest of physical anthropologists

A

Human Variation

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4
Q

The assumtion that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation

A

Holistic perspective

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5
Q

Theoretical orientation that rejects attemps to explain culture in general in favor of achieving an empathetic understanding of particulat cultures

A

Humanistic approach

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6
Q

The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one’s own culture are superior to those of other peoples

A

Ethnocentrism

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7
Q

A written description of the way of life of some human populations

A

Ethnography

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8
Q

The transmission ( by means of social learning ) of a cultural knowledge to the next generation

A

Enculturation

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9
Q

Scientific approach emphasizing that humans are animals and so are subject to similar evolutionary forces as other animals; associated with the hypothesis that behavior patterns enhance inclusive fitness.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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10
Q

The study of past cultures using witten accounts and other documents

A

Ethnohistoric research

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11
Q

The study of human cultures from a comparitive perspective; often used as a synonym for cultural anthropology

A

Ethnology

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12
Q

The idea that biologically (genetically) inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them

A

Biological determinism

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13
Q

The insistence by anthropologists that valid hypotheses and theories about humanity be tested with informtion from a wide range of cultures

A

Comparitive Perspective

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14
Q

The notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of one’s own culture.

A

Cultural relativism

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15
Q

The notion that the beliefs and behaviors of individuals are largely programmed by their culture

A

Cultural determinism

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16
Q

Ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories, usually linguistically encoded.

A

Classifications of reality

17
Q

Theoretical idea that each culture historically develops its own unique thematic patterns around which beliefs, values, and behavioers are oriented.

A

Configurationalism

18
Q

The feeling of uncertainty and anxiety an individual experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting.

A

Culture Shock

19
Q

Ethnographic research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their current way of life.

A

Fieldwork

20
Q

Shared ideals and/or expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations

A

Norms

21
Q

“New Evolutionism” or the mid-twentieth-century rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture.

A

Neo-Evolutionism

22
Q

Within a single culture, the behavior most people perform when they are in cerain culturally defined situations

A

Patterns of Behavior

23
Q

The specialization of physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species

A

Paleoanthropology

24
Q

Rights and duties that individuals assume because of their perceived personal identity or membership in a social group. Also, the social and/or economic position a field researcher defines fo him- or herself in the community studied.

A

Role

25
Q

The attempt to reconstruct a cultural system at a slightly earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that period.

A

Recall Ethnography

26
Q

Cultural differences characteristic of members of various ethnic groups, regions, religions, and so forth within a single society or country.

A

Subculture

27
Q

Objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities.

A

Symbols

28
Q

Shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles

A

Values

29
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Every Culture needs these 10 things
1:Division of labor by age, sex, etc
2:Taboos against incest
3:Economic activity
4:Recreational Activists
5:Beliefs in supernatural
6:Decorative Arts
7:Music and singin
8:Customs for death
9:Myths, legends,folklore
10:Rites of passage for life phases

30
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

Savagery -> Barbarism -> Civilization
1: Lewis Henry Morgan - Iriquois = B others S - Tech and agriculture metric
2: E.B. Tylor - Same idea but religion as metric: animal -> polytheistic -> monotheistic
Inherently racist

31
Q

Historical Particularism

A

Franz Boaz
1: Contradicts Unilineal, every culture is different, evolve at own rate
2: Professionalized Anthropology - pushed fieldwork and Cultural Relativism
3: Configurationalism - Ruth Benedict -> Cultural thesis: Freedom (USA)
4: Limits - Cannot explain why cultures are similar, dont factor in origin

32
Q

Define Culture

A

A: Society- Shared Territory, Language, identity
1: Cultural Identity: Product of shared Collective knowledge; Red Circle = Rising sun in Japan
2: Subculture: Humans culture is large and complex small bubbles form
B: Socially Learned - Enculturation is process of learning culture
C: Knowledge: Process of Enculturation yeilds Cultural Knowledge
D: Patterns of Behavior: Once Have knowledge, can study behavior
EX: Yanomamo vs Semai
E: Roles in society change based on duties, son, brother, friend, Student

33
Q

Components of Cultural Knowledge

A

A: Norms - Shared ideas about how should act; Alchohal
B: Values - Belief about a way of life deemed desireable; Freedom of Speech
C: Symbols - arbitrary; Fish -> Cross (Christianity)
D: Classifications of Reality - Human and Natural world Perspective;Eat dog or nah
E: World Views - Relationship to larger Cosmos; Common truths among religion - higher power made world not us

34
Q

Ethnographic Method

A

A: Feildwork - Interviews
1. Structured - specific questions with specific answers
2. Unstructured - open ended questions, understand relationships
3. Limits - Not all info may be mentioned
B: Participant Observation - Living a working alongside; Malinowski witness and suicide and learned about a social taboo because of it
C: Recall Ethnography - American study of Indian Culture by asking people on Res who were around. Paul Radin Studied Ho-Chunk this way.

35
Q

Ethnographic Method Problems

A

1: stereotyping - Only one source gives you bad or misleading info
2: Developing a role and rapport - Crocker adopted into a family in the culture he studied
3: Identifying and Interviewing Consultants: Crocker found Romando Roberto who told him the truth because spoke many languages
B: Fieldwork as rite of passage - Culture shock - Chagnon didnt get along with Yanomamo
1: Ethnohistory seeks to Reconstruct Dead culture by studying historic data; Powhatan Indians wiped out by English, only Sources written by English
2: Relies on Sources outside of Culture
3: Problems - Can be biased or inaccurate, Never have enough sources, None left to ask

36
Q

Comparative Method in Anthropology

A

Comparative Methods - ethnology - Comparative, use data collected by ethnographers
A: Cross-Cultural Comparisons - 3 steps
1: State a Hypothesis - Sorceries and Law systems
2: Choose samples - Check if random cultures have Sorceries and Law systems
3: Classify Data to show correlation - hope for 51% or more
Limitations include exceptions; data shows both
B: Controlled Comparisons
1: Matrilineal and European Contact- Michael Allen
2: He used census data to compare Matrilineal cultures to Patrilineal cultures in the scenerio of British Conquest. Matrilineal weathered better.
3: Issues are data is scarce if any.