Exam 2 Flashcards
Adaptation in which the needs of livestock for naturally occurring pasture and water greatly influence the movements of groups.
pastoralism
Rural people integrated into a larger society politically and economically.
peasants
Seasonal mobility, often involving migration to high-altitude areas during the hottest and driest parts of the year.
nomadism
The giving of goods without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time.
generalized reciprocity
The exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange.
balanced reciprocity
Exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can.
negative reciprocity
The collection of goods or money from a group, followed by a realloca-tion to the group by a central authority.
redistribution
The rendering of goods (typically including food) to an authority such as a chief.
tribute
“Blood” relatives, or people related by birth.
consanguines
In-laws, or people related by marriage.
affines
Condition in which people who are not biologically related behave as if they are relatives of a certain type.
fictive kinship
Prohibition against sexual inter-course between certain kinds of relatives.
incest taboo
Marriage rules requiring individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category.
endogamous rules
Marriage rules prohibiting individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category.
exogamous rules
Each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time.
monogamy
Multiple spouses.
polygamy
One man is allowed to have multiple wives.
polygyny
One woman is allowed to have multiple husbands.
polyandry
Several women and several men are married to one another simultaneously.
group marriage
Custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage.
bridewealth
Custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife.
brideservice
Custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband’s family upon her marriage.
dowry
Residence form in which couples live with or near the husband’s parents.
patrilocal residence
Residence form in which couples live with or near the wife’s parents.
matrilocal residence
Residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband’s and the wife’s parents.
neolocal residence
Residence form in which couples live with or near the mother’s brother of the husband.
avunculocal residence
Form of descent in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their mothers.
matrilineal descent
Form of descent in which individuals trace their most important kinship relationships through their fathers.
patrilineal descent
A unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can
actually trace how they are related.
lineage
A named unilineal descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related, but who still believe them-selves to be kinfolk.
clan
Form of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal rela-tives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land to use, and so forth.
nonunilineal descent
Kinship terminology system in which no nuclear family kin term is extended to more distant relatives; nuclear family members have unique terms.
Eskimo terminology
Kin terminology system in which only sex and generation are relevant in defining labeled categories of relatives.
Hawaiian terminology
Kinship terminology system in which Ego calls parallel cousins the same terms as siblings, calls father’s brother the same as father, calls mother’s sister the same as mother, and uses unique terms for the children of father’s sister and mother’s brother.
Iroquois terminology
Kinship terminology system associated with patrilineal descent in which Ego’s mother’s relatives are distin-guished only by their sex.
Omaha terminology
