Exam 3

Question 1

A type of communal cult centered around rituals performed to worship or please a kin group’s ancestors.

Answer 1

ancestral cults

Question 2

Qualities that make objects, actions, or language more beautiful or pleasurable,
according to culturally relative and variable standards.

Answer 2

aesthetic

Question 3

Multinationality countries created by external powers; usually applied to former colonies.

Answer 3

artificial countries

Question 4

Subfield whose practitioners use anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; practitioners are often
employed by a governmental agency or private organization.

Answer 4

applied anthropology

Question 5

Artificial artistic enhancement or beautification of the human body by painting, tattooing, scarification, or other means.

Answer 5

body arts

Question 6

System of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed.

Answer 6

class

Question 7

Belief in spiritual beings.

Answer 7

animism

Question 8

Cults in which the members of a group cooperate to perform rituals intended to benefit all.

Answer 8

communal cults

Question 9

Form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards.

Answer 9

egalitarian society

Question 10

Highly organized cults in which a full-time priesthood performs rituals believed to benefit believers or the whole society, usually in large buildings dedicated to religious purposes or deities; found in complex societies.

Answer 10

ecclesiastical cults

Question 11

The creation of a new ethnic group.

Answer 11

ethnogenesis

Question 12

The degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives.

Answer 12

gender stratification

Question 13

The process of integrating the world’s peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community.

Answer 13

globalization

Question 14

A geographical region over which a particular ethnic group feels it has exclusive rights.

Answer 14

homeland

Question 15

Culturally distinct peoples who have occupied a region longer than peoples who have colonized or immigrated to the region.

Answer 15

indigenous peoples

Question 16

Cults based on personal relationships between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers.

Answer 16

individualistic cults

Question 17

A kind of religious specialist, often full-time, who officiates at rituals.

Answer 17

priest

Question 18

The notion that the emotional or affective satisfactions people gain from religion are primary.

Answer 18

psychological approach

Question 19

Forms of art such as music, percussion, song, dance, and theater/drama that involve sound and/or stylized body movements.

Answer 19

performance arts

Question 20

Society that has a limited number of high-ranking social positions that grant authority; groups are ranked relative to one another, with the highest rank bringing the highest rewards in prestige, power, and sometimes wealth.

Answer 20

ranked society

Question 21

A centralized, multilevel political unit characterized by the presence of a bureaucracy that acts on behalf of the ruling elite.

Answer 21

state

Question 22

Society with marked and largely or partly heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources.

Answer 22

stratified society

Question 23

Cults in which certain individuals (shamans) have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack.

Answer 23

shamanistic cults

Question 24

Part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups.

Answer 24

shaman

Question 25

The effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth.

Answer 25

sociological approach

Question 26

Mechanisms by which behavior is constrained and directed into acceptable channels, thus maintaining conformity.

Answer 26

social control

Question 27

A dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks the concept of a
separate homeland and makes no claim to any inherent right to political autonomy and self-determination.

Answer 27

subnationality

Question 28

Definitions of sexual identities beyond the female and male duality, including third and fourth genders such as man–woman or woman–man.

Answer 28

multiple gender identities

Question 29

An autonomous political unit encompassing a number of distinct, geographically dispersed communities held together by sodalities.

Answer 29

tribe

Question 30

A form of communal cult in which all members of a kin group have mystical relationships with one or more natural objects.

Answer 30

totemism

Question 31

The use of psychic powers to harm others by supernatural means.

Answer 31

witchcraft

Question 32

Arts produced in a material or tangible form, including basketry, pottery, textiles, paintings, drawings, sculptures, masks, carvings, and the like.

Answer 32

visual arts

Question 33

Physical differences based on genetic differences between females and males.

Answer 33

sexual dimorphism